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Sex Psych > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the symptoms of pregnancy?

A

Missed menstrual period Breast tenderness
Morning sickness
More frequent urination

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2
Q

How is the delivery date calculated?

A

Delivery date calculated
from the first day of the last
menstrual period
-(40 weeks gestation)

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3
Q

When are the 1,2,3 trimesters?

A

Nine months of pregnancy are divided into 3 equal periods of 3 months (trimesters)

  • First trimester - months 1 to 3
  • Second trimester - months 4 to 6
  • Third trimester - months 7 to 9
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4
Q

When does the the most growth take place?

A

• First T most growth and development is happening

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5
Q

What is the placenta?

A

an organ formed on the wall of the uterus through which the fetus receives oxygen and nutrients and gets rid of waste products

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6
Q

What is HcG?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG) - a hormone secreted

by the placenta

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7
Q

How can you detect if you’re pregnant?

A 
Test has HcG
-HcG is detected in urine and blood
A first morning urine sample (ideal) 
-hold dipstick in the urine stream
   or dip into a sample of urine.
-Test strip changes color if hCG is present
   meaning you are pregnant.
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8
Q

What is the umbilical cord?

A

the tube that connects the fetus to the placenta

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9
Q

What is the amniotic fluid?

A

the watery fluid surrounding a developing fetus in the uterus

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10
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Conceptus implants outside of the uterus

PID

Endometriosis

Scarring of the oviducts that affects cilia

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11
Q

Can you save an ectopic pregnancy?

A

No, it is always non-viable

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12
Q

What are the problems related to early pregnancy?

A

Miscarriage

Stillbirth

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13
Q

What is a miss carriage?

A

Spontaneous abortion/ Chemical pregnancy

Natural causes

Can be emotionally challenging
-grief must be processed

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14
Q

When can spontaneous abortion happen?

A

Can happen at any time

-normally happens before 11 wks, if it happens later then can be really upsetting

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15
Q

What do people say if you are past the 11 weeks?

A

• Say that if you ge t past the 11 weeks/ first T you are safe

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16
Q

What is a still birth?

A

Fetus is delivered but not living

Delivery of a fetus after 28 weeks

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17
Q

What are the main pregnancy related problems?

A

Molar pregnancy

Pseudocyesis

GBS

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18
Q

What is a molar pregnancy?

A

Mass of abnormal
tissue (mass that isn’t chromosomal_

Not a true pregnancy

Women over 35 more at risk

Low vitamin A

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19
Q

What is Pseudocyesis?

A

False pregnancy

Symptoms may include:

  • amenorrhea
  • N/V
  • abdominal distension
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20
Q

What is GBS?

A

Group B streptococcal

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21
Q

What happens if GBS goes undetected/treated?

A

Preterm birth/stillbirth Prenatal testing

Antibiotic prophylaxis

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22
Q

What happens if you are + for Strep?

A

• + for strep you have to have a iv antibodies, when you a deliver tp protect baby with strep (antibodies prophylaxis)

Swab around anus and sned to lab

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23
Q

What is the D antigen (rh) incompatibility?

A

D- mother carrying D+ child (gene from father)

Not usually an issue with first pregnancy

Antibody presence identifiable by Coombs blood test

Intervention required to protect subsequent pregnancies due to maternal antibodies to D antigen after birth

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24
Q

Who is tested for D antigen?

A

everyone

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25
Q

What is the treatment for D antigen incompatibility?

A

2 Rhogam (D immunoglobulin) shots given to
prevent the D- mother from producing D
antigen antibodies that can attack D+ baby
-Week 28, and within 72 hours postpartum

Non-treatment will result in hemolytic disease of the newborn, gestational death

Rhogam is also given after miscarriage, amniocentesis, gestational bleeding episodes if the mother is D-

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26
Q

What are pregnancy related problems in the later stages?

A 
Pregnancy-induced hypertension 
Risk of preterm birth 
Risk of maternal stroke 
Risk of infant death 
Preterm labour (before 37 weeks)
-common with multiples 
Born with physical issues
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27
Q

What is the treatment for Pregnancy-induced hypertension ?

A

Give birth

-induction

28
Q

What are the 3 conditions of Pregnancy-induced hypertension ?

A

Hypertension
Preeclampsia
Eclampsia

29
Q

What are the signs of preeclampsia?

A 
Severe headaches
Vomiting blood
Excessive nausea
Ringing or buzzing sound
in ears
Excessive vomitingDrowsiness
Smaller amounts of urine or no urine
Excessive swelling of the feet and hands
Protein detected in urine Blood in your urine 
Rapid heartbeat 
Dizziness
Fever
Double vision 
Blurred vision 
Sudden blindness
Pain in the abdomen (tummy)
30
Q

What happens to the foetus in the first trimester?

A

Develops into a fetus with most of the major organ systems present

4th to 8th week - external body parts develop

7th week - liver, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, and intestines have formed and begun limited functioning

31
Q

When is the foetus differentiated?

A

12 weeks

32
Q

What are the physical changes in the woman int he first trimester?

A

Large increase in levels of hormones

Breasts swell and tingle
-development of mammary glands for future milk production/breast feeding

Need to urinate more frequently

“Morning sickness”/nausea

Vaginal discharges may increase

Feelings of fatigue and sleepiness

33
Q

What are the psychological changes in the first trimester?

A 
Psychological
changes may include:
-Depression
-Stress; Negative emotions
-Excitement; Positive feeling
34
Q

What is the fetal development during the second trimester?

A

Quickening occurs

  • women becomes aware of fetal movements
  • Feels like a butterfly fluttering rather than a true kicking sensation
  • Occurs around the end of the 14th week

Fetal heart beat can be detected
-Abdominal ultrasound initially Doppler

35
Q

What are the physical changes on the woman in the second trimester?

A

Morning sickness tends to disappear

Constipation and nosebleeds sometimes occur

Edema - water retention and swelling

Colostrum may come out
of the nipple
-Immune components

36
Q

When does the milk come in?

A

2 days post partum

37
Q

What are the psychological changes in second semester?

A

Psychological well-being is greater among women who have social support

  • Spouse/partner
  • Family
  • Friends
  • Agency support
  • Groups and programs
38
Q

What is the fetal development during the third trimester?

A

Fetus opens his/her eyes

Fetus’s skin is wrinkled and covered with down- like hair

Fetus usually turns in uterus to assume a head- down position

Fetus experiences rapid growth

39
Q

What are the physical changes in the third trimester?

A

May have low energy

Braxton-Hicks contractions

Difficulty rising out of chairs, turning over in bed, tying shoes due to the girth of the belly

40
Q

What are Braxton-Hicks?

A

Not part of labor

“practice” contractions to tonify the uterus in preparation for labor

Usually not painful

41
Q

What are the psychological changes in the third trimester?

A

Some discomfort as weight/pressure is put on The woman’s internal organs

Women who report higher levels of demonstrated affection with their partner also report lower levels of anxiety and insomnia
related to later pregnancy

42
Q

What is couvade syndrome?

A

“Male” pregnancy symptoms (very rare)

May be caused by stress and hormonal changes in the partner

May include:
Indigestion, gastritis, nausea, headaches, weight gain

43
Q

How can the partner help?

A

may choose to be actively involved

  • Can alleviate feelings of helplessness, exclusion
  • -Eg. Participate as birth “coach” for labor support
44
Q

Is sex safe during pregnancy?

A

Intercourse can continue safely throughout the healthy pregnancy

During the last weeks of
pregnancy, intercourse may
encourage labor

45
Q

If having intercourse what might degrade the amniotic membranes?

A

Prostaglandins in semen

46
Q

What can intercourse help with?

A

Intercourse is used as a method to encourage labor in women who are post-dates (overdue)

47
Q

How can we make intercourse more comfortable for women?

A

Positioning changes

Petting (hand-genital
stimulation)

Oral sex (oral-genital stimulation)

48
Q

What must the women get in her diet?

A 
protein, 
folic acid, 
calcium, 
magnesium
vitamin A
49
Q

Why is folate important?

A

Folate (B9) particularly important vitamin pre- pregnancy/early pregnancy to protect from neural tube defects (Spina bifida)

50
Q

What does folate do?

A

Folic acid/Folate helps build healthy cells

Requirements for folate increases with pregnancy (period of rapid growth)

51
Q

What are food sources of folate?

A

leafy green
vegetables (collards, broccoli, kale, spinach, and
fruits/fruit juices such as orange juice.
-Some foods are fortified with folate (grain breads and cereals)

52
Q

What are substances that may result in birth defects?

A 
Legal drugs (nicotine, alcohol)
Illegal drugs (heroine)
Prescription Meds (Steroids, accutane)
Natural Health products (fit A)
Foods  (mercury)
53
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

Substance that produces defects in fetus

54
Q

What is FASD?

A

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

-Alcohol consumed by a woman when she is pregnant

55
Q

What does FASD result in?

A

Prenatal and postnatal growth and developmental deficiencies

Smaller brain, smaller eye openings, joint/limb/heart malformations, mental insufficiencies

56
Q

What are the characteristic facial features of FASD?

A

Small
! Head
! Eye openings
! Chin

Flatter face

Shorter, wider nose

Under-developed
! Outer ear
! Groove above lip

57
Q

How can you detect FASD?

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG) test may be able to help detect sufferers of FASD

58
Q

Cognitively, what are things we see with FASD?

A

Brains have to “work harder”

Less ability to understand the meaning of a stimulus !

Less attention paid to specific tasks

Poorer memories

59
Q

Where do we see a lot of people with FASD?

A

Prison

60
Q

What shunt pregnant women do to avoid parasitic illness?

A

Pregnant women should not change cat litter boxes

  • Toxoplasmosis may be transmitted by fecal matter
  • Mother and unborn baby can be infected
  • -Multi-system effects
61
Q

What are the viral infections during pregnancy?

A

Rubella Infection
HSV infection (herpes)
HIV

62
Q

What happens if a woman is pregnant and has HIV?

A

Delivery by c-section

No breastfeeding

HIV positive mother receives anti-retroviral drugs throughout gestation

63
Q

What are the types of procedures that can detect brith defects?

A

integrated prenatal screening (IPS)

first trimester screening (FTS)

maternal serum screening (MSS-quad)

obstetrical ultrasound at 18 weeks

Amniocentesis

Chorionic Villus Sampling

64
Q

What is Amniocentesis?

A

13-18 weeks of pregnancy

Counselling accompanies procedure
-Options discussed

Gold Standard for confirming diagnoses of:

  • Chromosomal anomalies
  • Genetic disorders
  • Gender

0.04-1.5% risk of miscarriage

65
Q

What is CVS?

A

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

9-11 weeks of pregnancy

Transcervical or transabdominal routes

0.04-1.5% risk of miscarriage

66
Q

When do we consider more advanced genetic screening?

A

• Will always include Genetic Counselling
• Either parent has a gene linked condition
-eg cystic fibrosis, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia
• Either parent has a genetic anomaly
• You are a pregnant after the age of 35
-vgreater risk of Trisomy
• You have delivered a child previously with a genetic “defect”

Sex Psych (27 decks)

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