Chapter 1 Flashcards
What is the definition of sexual behaviour?
Behaviour that produces arousal and increases the chance of orgasm
Engagement that can lead to gamete union
-Evolutionary emphasis on reproduction
Sexual behaviour that leads to orgasm
What are the definitions of sexual behaviour based on?
Heteronormative
Androcentric
What is the argument against “is oral sex considered sex?”
Teens see oral sex as a way to explore their sexuality while maintaining their virginity
Does not require both individuals to be naked
Cannot result in pregnancy therefore does not require contraception
-Condoms and sheer glide dams recommended
Overall, there can be intimacy without the risks associated with intercourse or anal sex
What is the argument for “is oral sex considered sex?”
It is important to expand and be inclusive in terms of definitions about what is really sex
Oral sex is considered assault when no consent is provided
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) can be transmitted during the act
In adolescence in particular there are multiple issues that engaging in this act encompasses
- Non-reciprocity
- Peer pressure
- Confusion about intimacy
What is the definition of sex from the book?
Contexts referring to sexual anatomy and sexual behaviour
What is gender?
Gender can also depend on the context
- Legal, social, personal
- biological sex may or may not be congruent with psychological identification
What is the definition of gender?
Contexts referring to the state of being male or female
What are other options of gender identification?
Transgender, Intersex
Reject the binary
-gender fluidity
-Choose not to be defined
What is agenda setting (communication theory)?
The media define what is important and what is not important
- What stories are covered
- Influenced by those that hold power and have interest in controlling what is discussed
What is the Canadian society and sexuality influenced by?
Highly influenced by media norms
How does the media decide what is represented?
How they are represented
What expertise is cited to back up issues in the media?
Data, researchers, institutions
Can you identify bias
-algorithms, news feeds, diversity of sources
How does new technology evolve that has profound influences on how people do what?
Gain knowledge about sexuality and sexual health
Become acquainted and interact with each other
Choose to present themselves to the world
What kind of impact does the internet have on mental health and well-being?
Positive and negative impacts on sexual health
Indispensable during global pandemic for information sharing and outreach
How do Canadians regard sexuality?
Canadian people are more permissive/liberal relative to people from the United States -premarital and extramarital sex -LGBTQ+ /human rights protections -same sex marriage -cohabitation outside of marriage -women’s right to safe, legal abortions
Compared to Americans Canadians have lower what?
Rates of Sexually Transmitted Infections
Rates of unplanned pregnancy
Does Canada have a good sexual health curricula?
Canada tends to have comprehensive sexual health curricula vs USA abstinence-based programming
Why is Quebec sexually distinct than the rest of canada?
More permissive ideas about sexuality
- Higher percentage believe that it is acceptable for teens to sleep over and have sex
- More cohabitation and common law relationships
- More active sex lives relative to other Canadian provinces
- -In terms of frequency
Within canada how are the differences in sexually influenced?
By social determinants of health
- gender
- socioeconomic status
- culture
What is an example of Social determinants of health in terms of culture?
Indigenous communities
-Residential school atrocities were a result of Ethnocentrism
What is ethnocentrism?
The tendency to regard our own ethnic group as superior to others
What is the indigenous perspectives is in terms of family?
Matrilineal society rather than patriarchal
-Line of descent traced through the mother rather than the father
Within indigenous communities how is gender identification expressed?
2 spirited identification (highly respected, poorly understood and condemned by christians)
In general what is Inis Beag outlook?
Highly repressed sexually
❑ Low sex
❑ High anxiety about sex
In general what is Mangaia outlook?
Sex for pleasure and
procreation
❑ High sex
❑ Low anxiety about sex
What did beag think about sex ed?
No sex education of the young
Sex is not a topic to be discussed
Little information shared about natural stages of life, such as menstruation and menopause
- hence these processes are
misunderstood and feared
What did Mangaia think about sex ed?
Formal Sex Training of Youth
Sexual experimentation is encourages at an early age
- Considered a normal part of childhood.
- Eg. Both genders regularly masturbate by age nine or ten.
What are the male rituals proposed by Mangaia?
Males at age 13, boys undergo a superincision ritual in which a slit is made along the top surface of the penis.
-He receives detailed instruction about specific sexual techniques, taught by an older male “expert” (who performed the superincision ritual).
Imparting the importance of the partner’s pleasure and ability to bring the woman partner to orgasm several times before the male permits his own climax.
-Practice intercourse with an older, experienced woman Youth practice may involve sex with both genders
What are the female rituals proposed by Mangaia?
Females receive instruction in sexual techniques
- No practice
- No incision ritual
Female youth tend to have four or five successive
steady boyfriends before marriage
The study of human sexuality is… and composing of what disciplines?
Interdisciplinary
Medicine Sociology Socio-biology Anthropology Psychology Science
What was Margaret meads work?
It offered a novel cultural perspectives of human sexuality
Commonalities and differences in:
- Sexual behaviours
- Traditional gender roles
Her observational data challenged American ethnocentrism and religious teachings
What did Margaret mead discover about coming of age in Samoa?
Mead documented that female youth in Samoa married later in life and casual sex was typical before marriage and children
Without stigma thus challenging Western norms in the 1920’s/30’s of chastity before marriage
Who is jean briggs?
Anthropologist from MUN
- lived with Utku family as adopted daughter
- the women weren’t offended when their husbands went hunting and take all the best cooking equipment. But they view it as they have the hardest job so they aren’t phased by the work they do at home. The igloo is colder when the men aren’t home
Who is Richard von Krafft-Ebing?
- Took case histories of sexual “pathologies” and published a text win 1886 for medical colleagues
- Novel accounts of sexuality in the 19th century piqued the interest of the general public
- Translations of the text in 1892 introduced the English language to the terminology
- Heterosexuality
- “Homosexuality”
What is sexual inversion (1897)?
One of Henry Havelock Ellis wrote the first English medical text on “homosexuality”
•Wording significant in medical history
•Derogatory association with mental illness
What terms/concepts did Ellis develop?
autoerotism
‘narcissism’
Who is Magnus Hirshfeld?
• Physician from Germany “
• Sexologist
-Founder of the ‘Scientific Humanitarian Committee’
• Early Advocate for Gay Rights
-Persecuted for his beliefs
Group intended to conduct research in the defence of homosexuals rights and to repeal a section in the German penal code that had criminalized homosexuality.
• Died in exile in Nice
What are some of the historical perspectives on human sexuality?
Strict gender roles prescribed throughout history
Victorian era -Clelia Mosher’s small ethnographic study remains influential challenged: -- Sexual anesthesia for women -- Assumptions about female orgasm
What were the expectations of victorian women?
virtuous
refined
vulnerable
delicate
devoid of any sexual desire
Who is Alfred Kinsey?
Researcher
- Identified lack of data on human sexuality due to sexual repression
- Added to the literature
Who is Masters and Johnson?
Researcher
objective data used to describe sexual response cycle
Are taboos universal or cultural prescribed?
Cross cultural taboos influence human sexuality -Incest taboos -Post-partum sex taboos -Attitudes towards masturbation --Societal tolerance, encouragement or condemnation
What are the religious influences on human sexuality?
Early Christians views on sexuality were shaped by St.
Paul and St. Augustine
-The Church believes that each person is made in the image and likeness of God
-Non-procreative sex was sinful
Roman Catholic Religion opposes:
- Pharmacologic or barrier method birth control
- Pregnancy interruption: IUD
- Contra-gestational/menstrual promotion: Emergency contraception
- Pregnancy termination (abortion)
What are the religious influences on Human sexuality traditional judaism?
Sex is positive as it is a
manifestation of love for the
body
-Sexual relations intended for heterosexual marriage relationships
Traditional restrictions on marital relations:
- during menses and after childbirth
- Mikvah purity ritual may be practiced
What are the Religious Influences on Human Sexuality Eastern Religions?
Taoism
- Belief in the balance of Yin and Yang
- Sexual techniques to maximize vital energy
- -Chi/Qi
- Men can learn to separate orgasm and ejaculation in order to enhance health and strive for immortality
What is the psychoanalytical perspective on sexuality?
Psychology is included in the scientific study of sexuality
Sigmund Freud is a founder of Psychoanalysis
- Unconscious mind accessed through talk therapy
- -Contents of the mind that lie outside of conscious awareness
What did Freud delved into the subconscious mind through?
Psychotherapy
Dream analysis
Free Associations
How was Freud’s work challenged the prevailing concept of Mind-Body Dualism?
Dualism was the prevailing
assumption of biomedicine
-The mind and body were separate entities
Today, the Biopsychosocial Model purports the connections between the mind, body and spirit
-and how the affect and influence one another
What is the biological perspective?
Roles of genes, hormones, nervous system, endocrine system, and other biological factors
What is the cross-species perspective?
Nonhuman analogues of sexual behaviour
-Analogues (def’n) -similar or comparable to something else
Differing terminology
-Eg. Copulation versus Sexual intercourse
Who is Bruce Bagemihl?
Documented many examples of non- sexual uses of sexual behaviour within many animal species
Challenging traditional writings focusing on copulation and evolutionary priorities
Researcher noted for documenting the extensiveness of same sex (gender) sexual behaviours in 450 species
How are non-human animal behaviours similar to human animals?
Bonobo apes are genetically most similar to humans
Beyond copulation, sexual activities may be used:
- For courtship
- To establishing dominance
- For the purposes of peacemaking
- Parenting
What are the non-human animal behaviours similar to human animals, like what sexual behaviours are included?
Tongue kissing Oral sex (self and others) Mutual massage Masturbation Use of objects for sexual purposes
What is the impact of the Women’s Movement and the Sexual Revolution?
The period from the
mid-1960’s to the
mid-1970’s
-Liberation of female sexuality
Allowed the sex act can be
separated from procreation/
reproductive purposes
-Greater emphasis on sex for pleasure and intimacy
-Demands for access to reliable healthcare options
What is the WHO definition of sexual health?
Sexual health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality. It requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.
