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Sex Psych > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

How is gender discussed in research?

A

as a binary

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2
Q

What is the gender similarities hypothesis?

A

that there are more similarities than differences between males and females

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3
Q

What is an examples of nature vs nurture with the example of David reimer?

A

Medical iatrogenesis led to “sex change/ reassignment surgery”
• Language at the time
• These terms are not used today

  • Direct instruction about the “feminine”
  • Challenged concepts of genetic/ biological gender and psychological gender
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4
Q

What is our knowledge of gender influenced by?

A

Gender roles and stereotypes

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5
Q

What is a gender role?

A

A set of norms, or culturally prescribed expectations, that define how people of one gender ought to behave

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6
Q

What are gender stereotypes?

A
  • A rigid set of beliefs about a group of people that distinguishes them from others
  • Generalizations that distinguish one gender from the other
  • Applies to all members of that group
  • Homogenization, oversimplification
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7
Q

What are masculine traits?

A

discussed in terms of instrumentality
• Gentlemanly, strong and silent, protective, ambitious, goal-oriented
• Aggressive, tough, competitive,
loud, ambitious, course, cruel, crude

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8
Q

What are feminine traits?

A

discussed in terms of expressiveness
• Excitable, emotional
• Meek, mild, soft-hearted, sensitive, gentle, dependent, kind, sentimental,
helpful, patient, and submissive

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9
Q

What is sexism?

A

Prejudgment that because of gender, a person will posses certain negative traits

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10
Q

What can sexism lead to?

A

Conceptions of Men’s work and Women’s work are notably ingrained in children in the early preschool period

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11
Q

How does social learning about gender occur?

A

Occurs through influences from direct and indirect messages received from:
• The Peer Group
• Parents
• Media

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12
Q

When are gender messages learned?

A

21⁄2-3years
• Acquire gender expectations (e.g., dolls are for girls)
• Sort concrete pictures (e.g., appliances)

2to4years
• Sort abstract pictures (e.g., colours, animals)

~6-8 years
• Show gender stereotypes • Attach value to gender

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13
Q

What is the gender schema theory?

A

• Beliefs about gender are organized into schemas which then affect behavior
• Information gathering guides interests and competencies
- memory for gender consistent information better than for gender inconsistent information

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14
Q

How did they test gender schema theory?

A

Information gathering within a context can influence traditional schemas

  • 6-8 year olds shown a game called Mr. Munchie where they threw marbles into a clown’s body
  • Labeled as either a boy’s game or a girl’s game like jacks
  • Children performed better and reported liking the game more when told it was for their own gender
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15
Q

What is the TSS?

A

Traditional sexual script

• Males are “oversexed” and females are “undersexed”
• High sexual experience enhances male status but harms female status
• Men expected to be “sexperts” and take
responsibility for pleasure
• Males are sexual initiators
• Females are sexual gatekeepers

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16
Q

What is socialization?

A
  • The ways in which society conveys to the individual its norms or expectations for his or her behaviour
  • Children also engage in self-self-socialization
  • assimilate dominant identity variables into self- concept
  • reinforcements within gender stereotypes as they align with identity
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17
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

Gender socialization occurs through
• Reinforcement and punishment
• Direct teaching
• Observational learning

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18
Q

How is the social learning theory reinforced?

A

Fairy tales have long been felt to offer a disservice to females by reinforcing gender stereotypes and limiting female roles
• If you are pretty and demure (resource) attract a masculine partner (resource)
• Limited roles and depictions for older women

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19
Q

How does media reinforced social learning theory?

A

Advertisements show men as assertive and employed

Women more likely to be sexualized or in a parenting role

20
Q

What effect foes media have on sexual stereotypes?

A

More access to television results in greater gender- stereotyped attitudes

• More recent media not significantly less gender- stereotyped than older media

21
Q

What is gender fluid?

A

a gender identity which refers to a gender which varies over time.
-A gender fluid person may at any time identify as male, female, neutral, or any other non-binary identity, or some combination of identities.

22
Q

Who were erotics geared towards?

A

Erotics (arousing images, narratives) traditionally produced for male audiences
• Slight gender difference
• Males show more arousal, but the difference is small

23
Q

What are the objective measurements of arousal?

A
  • Thermal imaging, penile strain gauge, photoplethysmograph
  • increased BP and PR
  • fMRI show both men and women’s limbic system stimulated
24
Q

What did the Julia Heiman study determine?

A

• 4 research conditions
- Varied initiation
• Men and women are similar in their arousal to erotic material

Women may be less aware then men of their physiological arousal

25
Q

What is the bogus pipeline experiment ?

A
  • Measuring sexual attitudes and behaviours
  • Bogus pipeline condition resulted in most honest reporting of sexual attitudes and behaviours
  • Insignificant gender differences in numbers of sexual partners
26
Q

What is the explanation of the bogus pipeline experiment?

A
  • Biological Factors may be influential
  • Nature and evolutionary roots often cited as explanations for gender differences
  • Sexual anatomy is external and visible in males leading to differing explorations
  • Hormones (testosterones role in libido)
27
Q

What are the cultural explanations of bogus pipeline?

A
  • Double standards about male and female sexual experience and explorations
  • Differing scripts about learning about sexuality amongst peers
  • Parental influences related to male and female concerns
  • Gender stereotypes still influence men and women and their perceptions of what partners want
28
Q

What are the other factors that explain the bogus pipeline ?

A
  • Emphasizing women’s knowledge of their bodies in order to empower them to be independent and instructive in order to maximize sexual enjoyment
  • Access to information and products that will keep a women healthy and allow her to explore her sexuality
  • Ira Reiss’ Body Centred Sex/Person Centred sex
29
Q

Is gender a social determinant of health?

A

affect your health and education:
– Access to Education
– Income over the lifespan
– Health status
– Work-life balance issues – Caregiving roles
–historical exclusion from medical studies

30
Q

What are the theories as to why health status is different between male and female?

A
  • Women have longer life span than men
  • Larger circles of social support
  • Women tend to lead healthier lifestyles
  • Women more apt to seek out healthcare support
  • Healthcare screening
31
Q

How can media benefit people in terms of positive role models?

A

that depict:
• A variety of jobs
• Effective communication
• A multitude of expressed emotions, beyond anger
• Effective conflict resolution Gender and ethno-cultural diversity is important for mass media portrayals

32
Q

What is intersectionality?

A 
An approach that simultaneously considers the consequences of multiple group membership
• Gender identity
• Ethno-cultural identity 
• Sexual orientation
• Abilities
33
Q

What is acculturation?

A

the process of incorporating the beliefs and customs of a new culture
– Can lead to conflicts in families when generational expectations vary
– Can be fear and stereotyping of dominant culture in a new country
– Concern that links to heritage or religious values will be diluted or discontinued

34
Q

What is the overall big picture?

A

OVERALL, THERE ARE MORE SIMILARITIES THAN DIFFERENCES IN SEXUALITY BETWEEN GENDERS

DIFFERENCES IN EXPRESSION ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO VARIOUS FACTORS

35
Q

What is North America starting to do?

A

Challenge dominant paradigms and their historical roots
• Rejecting the binary in favour of a spectrum of self-identified gender identity
• Gender Queer
• Gender non-conforming
• Non-binary

36
Q

Are there 3 genders?

A

A third gender is recognized in some cultures
• Social stigma for families
• on the contrary General acceptance of all people and their gender identity within society at a very young age

37
Q

What have NA and European societies have done to the male female dichotomy?

A

societies have medicalized people who have shunned the male-female dichotomy
• Critique of mental health diagnosis and intervention
• Current school of thought is to support children in their gender explorations and expression
• Support parents and families

38
Q

What is transgender identity?

A

Incongruence between the biological and psychological parameters of gender
• Congruence may result in identification as cis-gender

39
Q

What is transexual?

A
  • Term that is less used today, although some people may use it to describe themselves
  • FTM or Trans man
  • MTF or Trans woman
40
Q

What is 2 spirited?

A

• Integration of “feminine” and “masculine” identities or expression within the aboriginal community

41
Q

What is the difference between gender dysphoria in ICD11 and DSM5?

A
  • ICD-11
  • Gender variation
  • Medicalization
  • Pathologization

• Diagnosis in the DSM 5 related to unhappiness with one’s gender

42
Q

Who is Thomas beattie?

A 
Trangender man, legally a male
• Born a woman, identifies as male
• Suspended hormone therapy for a time 
• Ovulation returned
• Was inseminated with donor sperm
• Became pregnant three times and delivered non-surgically
43
Q

What does confirming/affirming your gender involve?

A
  • Doing nothing
  • Living as your authentic self
  • Hormone therapy
  • Legal name change and gender identity change on documentation
  • Surgery
44
Q

Does everyone get surgery?

A
  • Accessibility to this option is an issue
  • Previously surgical procedures paid for by provincial health insurance had to go through CAMH
  • Long wait times
  • Incongruence with the process
45
Q

What are issues for trans folk as they age?

A
  • Physical issues related to hormone therapies or surgeries, medications
  • Misinformation and stereotyping from health care team providers
  • Lack of access to community supports
  • Lack of appropriate medical health care information specific to the transgender community amongst medical professionals
  • Feeling like an invisible minority
  • Harassment by other residents/their families in a care facility
  • Being denied the use of gender- appropriate washroom facilities
  • Problems if their identification documents do not match their lived gender identities.

Sex Psych (27 decks)

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