Chapter 13 Flashcards
How is gender discussed in research?
as a binary
What is the gender similarities hypothesis?
that there are more similarities than differences between males and females
What is an examples of nature vs nurture with the example of David reimer?
Medical iatrogenesis led to “sex change/ reassignment surgery”
• Language at the time
• These terms are not used today
- Direct instruction about the “feminine”
- Challenged concepts of genetic/ biological gender and psychological gender
What is our knowledge of gender influenced by?
Gender roles and stereotypes
What is a gender role?
A set of norms, or culturally prescribed expectations, that define how people of one gender ought to behave
What are gender stereotypes?
- A rigid set of beliefs about a group of people that distinguishes them from others
- Generalizations that distinguish one gender from the other
- Applies to all members of that group
- Homogenization, oversimplification
What are masculine traits?
discussed in terms of instrumentality
• Gentlemanly, strong and silent, protective, ambitious, goal-oriented
• Aggressive, tough, competitive,
loud, ambitious, course, cruel, crude
What are feminine traits?
discussed in terms of expressiveness
• Excitable, emotional
• Meek, mild, soft-hearted, sensitive, gentle, dependent, kind, sentimental,
helpful, patient, and submissive
What is sexism?
Prejudgment that because of gender, a person will posses certain negative traits
What can sexism lead to?
Conceptions of Men’s work and Women’s work are notably ingrained in children in the early preschool period
How does social learning about gender occur?
Occurs through influences from direct and indirect messages received from:
• The Peer Group
• Parents
• Media
When are gender messages learned?
21⁄2-3years
• Acquire gender expectations (e.g., dolls are for girls)
• Sort concrete pictures (e.g., appliances)
2to4years
• Sort abstract pictures (e.g., colours, animals)
~6-8 years
• Show gender stereotypes • Attach value to gender
What is the gender schema theory?
• Beliefs about gender are organized into schemas which then affect behavior
• Information gathering guides interests and competencies
- memory for gender consistent information better than for gender inconsistent information
How did they test gender schema theory?
Information gathering within a context can influence traditional schemas
- 6-8 year olds shown a game called Mr. Munchie where they threw marbles into a clown’s body
- Labeled as either a boy’s game or a girl’s game like jacks
- Children performed better and reported liking the game more when told it was for their own gender
What is the TSS?
Traditional sexual script
• Males are “oversexed” and females are “undersexed”
• High sexual experience enhances male status but harms female status
• Men expected to be “sexperts” and take
responsibility for pleasure
• Males are sexual initiators
• Females are sexual gatekeepers
What is socialization?
- The ways in which society conveys to the individual its norms or expectations for his or her behaviour
- Children also engage in self-self-socialization
- assimilate dominant identity variables into self- concept
- reinforcements within gender stereotypes as they align with identity
What is social learning theory?
Gender socialization occurs through
• Reinforcement and punishment
• Direct teaching
• Observational learning
How is the social learning theory reinforced?
Fairy tales have long been felt to offer a disservice to females by reinforcing gender stereotypes and limiting female roles
• If you are pretty and demure (resource) attract a masculine partner (resource)
• Limited roles and depictions for older women
How does media reinforced social learning theory?
Advertisements show men as assertive and employed
Women more likely to be sexualized or in a parenting role
What effect foes media have on sexual stereotypes?
More access to television results in greater gender- stereotyped attitudes
• More recent media not significantly less gender- stereotyped than older media
What is gender fluid?
a gender identity which refers to a gender which varies over time.
-A gender fluid person may at any time identify as male, female, neutral, or any other non-binary identity, or some combination of identities.
Who were erotics geared towards?
Erotics (arousing images, narratives) traditionally produced for male audiences
• Slight gender difference
• Males show more arousal, but the difference is small
What are the objective measurements of arousal?
- Thermal imaging, penile strain gauge, photoplethysmograph
- increased BP and PR
- fMRI show both men and women’s limbic system stimulated
What did the Julia Heiman study determine?
• 4 research conditions
- Varied initiation
• Men and women are similar in their arousal to erotic material
Women may be less aware then men of their physiological arousal
What is the bogus pipeline experiment ?
- Measuring sexual attitudes and behaviours
- Bogus pipeline condition resulted in most honest reporting of sexual attitudes and behaviours
- Insignificant gender differences in numbers of sexual partners
What is the explanation of the bogus pipeline experiment?
- Biological Factors may be influential
- Nature and evolutionary roots often cited as explanations for gender differences
- Sexual anatomy is external and visible in males leading to differing explorations
- Hormones (testosterones role in libido)
What are the cultural explanations of bogus pipeline?
- Double standards about male and female sexual experience and explorations
- Differing scripts about learning about sexuality amongst peers
- Parental influences related to male and female concerns
- Gender stereotypes still influence men and women and their perceptions of what partners want
What are the other factors that explain the bogus pipeline ?
- Emphasizing women’s knowledge of their bodies in order to empower them to be independent and instructive in order to maximize sexual enjoyment
- Access to information and products that will keep a women healthy and allow her to explore her sexuality
- Ira Reiss’ Body Centred Sex/Person Centred sex
Is gender a social determinant of health?
affect your health and education:
– Access to Education
– Income over the lifespan
– Health status
– Work-life balance issues – Caregiving roles
–historical exclusion from medical studies
What are the theories as to why health status is different between male and female?
- Women have longer life span than men
- Larger circles of social support
- Women tend to lead healthier lifestyles
- Women more apt to seek out healthcare support
- Healthcare screening
How can media benefit people in terms of positive role models?
that depict:
• A variety of jobs
• Effective communication
• A multitude of expressed emotions, beyond anger
• Effective conflict resolution Gender and ethno-cultural diversity is important for mass media portrayals
What is intersectionality?
An approach that simultaneously considers the consequences of multiple group membership • Gender identity • Ethno-cultural identity • Sexual orientation • Abilities
What is acculturation?
the process of incorporating the beliefs and customs of a new culture
– Can lead to conflicts in families when generational expectations vary
– Can be fear and stereotyping of dominant culture in a new country
– Concern that links to heritage or religious values will be diluted or discontinued
What is the overall big picture?
OVERALL, THERE ARE MORE SIMILARITIES THAN DIFFERENCES IN SEXUALITY BETWEEN GENDERS
DIFFERENCES IN EXPRESSION ARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO VARIOUS FACTORS
What is North America starting to do?
Challenge dominant paradigms and their historical roots
• Rejecting the binary in favour of a spectrum of self-identified gender identity
• Gender Queer
• Gender non-conforming
• Non-binary
Are there 3 genders?
A third gender is recognized in some cultures
• Social stigma for families
• on the contrary General acceptance of all people and their gender identity within society at a very young age
What have NA and European societies have done to the male female dichotomy?
societies have medicalized people who have shunned the male-female dichotomy
• Critique of mental health diagnosis and intervention
• Current school of thought is to support children in their gender explorations and expression
• Support parents and families
What is transgender identity?
Incongruence between the biological and psychological parameters of gender
• Congruence may result in identification as cis-gender
What is transexual?
- Term that is less used today, although some people may use it to describe themselves
- FTM or Trans man
- MTF or Trans woman
What is 2 spirited?
• Integration of “feminine” and “masculine” identities or expression within the aboriginal community
What is the difference between gender dysphoria in ICD11 and DSM5?
- ICD-11
- Gender variation
- Medicalization
- Pathologization
• Diagnosis in the DSM 5 related to unhappiness with one’s gender
Who is Thomas beattie?
Trangender man, legally a male • Born a woman, identifies as male • Suspended hormone therapy for a time • Ovulation returned • Was inseminated with donor sperm • Became pregnant three times and delivered non-surgically
What does confirming/affirming your gender involve?
- Doing nothing
- Living as your authentic self
- Hormone therapy
- Legal name change and gender identity change on documentation
- Surgery
Does everyone get surgery?
- Accessibility to this option is an issue
- Previously surgical procedures paid for by provincial health insurance had to go through CAMH
- Long wait times
- Incongruence with the process
What are issues for trans folk as they age?
- Physical issues related to hormone therapies or surgeries, medications
- Misinformation and stereotyping from health care team providers
- Lack of access to community supports
- Lack of appropriate medical health care information specific to the transgender community amongst medical professionals
- Feeling like an invisible minority
- Harassment by other residents/their families in a care facility
- Being denied the use of gender- appropriate washroom facilities
- Problems if their identification documents do not match their lived gender identities.
