chapter 8 Flashcards
female reproductive system
sexual reproduction:
-union of the nuclei of the ovum and sperm cell
-ovum and sperm are gametes
-each gamete contains half the # of chromosomes of a normal body cell
gametes (ovum and sperm):
-produced in gonads
-female gonads are ovaries and male are testis
fertilization:
-ovum leaves the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tubes
-fertilization takes place if sperm cells are present and unite with the ovum
-fertilized egg implants then divides to form a zygote(and later an embryo then fetus)
organs of the female reproductive system:
-ovaries, fallopian tubes & uterus
-cul-de-sac, vagina & Bartholin glands
-utero-ovarian ligaments, ovarian follicles & ovum
-corpus lute, endometrium & myometrium
-uterine serosa, clitoris & perineum
anatomic structure of the breast (sagittal view)
-glandular tissue
-fatty tissue
-ducts
-sinuses
menstruation (menstrual cycle)
-day 1-5: blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular secretions discharge from the body
-day 6-12: estrogen aids repair of the endometrium, ovum grows on follicle
-day 13-14: the egg leaves the ovary and passes through the fallopian tube
-day 15-28: corus lute secretes progesterone, and the uterus lining builds up
pregnancy:
-if fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the uterine endometrium
-the placenta forms, and attaches to the uterine wall
-amnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity
-nutrients, oxygen, and wastes exchange between the fetus and mother
-placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
-placenta, chorion & amnion membranes
three stages of labor:
- dilation and thinning of the cervix
- birth of infant
- delivery of placenta
hormonal interactions:
-pituitary gland secretes: follicle-stimulating (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)
-pituitary gland stops producing FSH & LH during pregnancy & during oral contraceptives
menopause:
-gradual ending of the menstrual cycle
-begins between ages of 45-55
-falling estrogen levels
adnexa uteri
fallopian tubes, ovaries, and supporting ligaments
amnion
innermost membranous sac surrounding the developing fetus
areola
dark-pigmented area surrounding the breast
bartholin glands
small, mucus-secreting exocrine glands at the vaginal orifice
cervix
lower, neck-like portion of uterus
clitoris
sensitive erectile tissue anterior to the opening of the urethra
coitus (copulation)
sexual intercourse
corpus luteum
empty ovarian follicle, secretes progesterone after release of egg cell
cul-de-sac
region in lower abdomen, midway between the rectum and uterus
embyro
stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks
endometrium
inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus
estrogen
hormone produced by the ovaries that promotes female secondary sex characteristics
fallopian tube(oviduct)
one of a pair of ducts through which ovum travels to the uterus
fertilization
union of sperm cell and ovum from which the embryo develops
fetus
stage in prenatal development from 8 to 39 or 40 weeks
fimbriae (singular: fimbria)
finger/fringe-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
secreted by pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of the ovum
gamete
male or female sexual reproductive cell (sperm or ovum)
gentitalia (genitals)
reproductive organs
gestation
period from fertilization of the ovum to birth
gonad
female or male reproductive organ that produces sex cells and hormones (ovary & testis)
gynecology
study of femal reproductive organs, including breast
human chorionic (hCG)
hormone produced by placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone
hymen
mucous membrane partially or completely covering the opening to the vagina
labia
lips of the vagina
lactiferous ducts
tubes that carry milk within the breast
luteinizing hormone (LH)
secreted by the pituitary gland to promote ovulation
mammary papilla
nipple of breast
menarche
beginning of the first menstrual period and and ability to reproduce
menstruation
monthly shedding of uterine wall
myometrium
muscle layer of the uterus
neonatology
branch of medicine that studies the disorders & care for the newborn (neonatal)
obstetrics
branch of medicine concerned with pregnancy and childbirth
orifice
an opening
ovarian follicle
developing sac enclosing each ovum within the ovary
ovary
one of a pair of female organs on each side of pelvis, almond-shaped, produce egg cells & hormones
ovulation
release of ovum from ovary
ovum (plural: ova)
mature egg cell (female gamete)
parturition
act of giving birth
perineum
area between anus in vagina in females
placenta
vascular organ attached to the uterine wall during pregnancy, allows the exchange of nutrients, & fetal waste products between mother and fetus
pregnancy
condition of having a developing embryo & fetus in the female uterus for about 40 weeks
progesterone
hormone produced by corpus luteum in ovary & placenta of pregnant women
puberty
point in life cycle at which sex characteristics appear and gametes are produced
perimetrium (uterine serosa)
outermost layer surrounding the uterus
uterus
hollow, pear-shaped muscular female organ in which the embryo & fetus develop, & where menstruation occurs
vagina
muscular, mucosa-lined canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of body
vulva
external female genitalia including labia, hymen, clitoris & vaginal orifice
zygote
stage in prenatal development from fertilization and implantation to 2 weeks
amni/o
amnion
bartholin/o
Bartholin gland
cervic/o
cervix, neck
chori/o & chorion/0
chorian
colp/o
vagina
culd/o
cul-de-sac
episi/o
vulva
galact/o & lact/o
milk
gynec/o
woman, female
hyster/o & metr/o & uter/o
uterus, womb
mamm/o & mast/o
breast
men/o
menses, menstruation
my/o
muscle
myom/o
muscle tumor
nat/i
birth
obstetr/o
midwife
o/o & ov/o & ovul/o
egg
oophor/o & ovari/o
ovary
perine/o
perineum
phor/o
to bear
salping/o
fallopian tube
vagin/o
vagina
vulv/o
vulva
-arche
beginning
-cyesis & -gravida
pregnancy, pregnant
-parous
to bear, bring forth
-rrhea
discharge
-salpinx
uterine tube
-tocia
labor, birth
-version
act of turning
-pareunia
sexual intercouse
oxy-
swift, sharp
pseudo-
false
dys-
painful
endo-
within
in-
in
intra-
within
multi-
many
nulli-
no, not, none
pre-
before
primi-
first
retro-
backward
cervical cancer
malignant cells within cervix
cervicitis
inflammation of cervix
endometrial cancer
malignant tumor of uterine lining
endometrosis
endometrial tissue located outside the uterus
fibroids
benign tumors of the uterus
ovarian cancer
malignant tumor of ovary
ovarian cysts
collections of fluid within a sac in the ovary
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
leading causes are sexually transmitted disease
abruptio placentae
premature separation of the normally implanted placenta
choriocarcinoma
malignant tumor of placenta (rare)
ectopic pregnancy
misplaced implantation of an egg
APGAR scoring chart
-assessment of a newborn
-scoring 1 to 5 min after birth
conization
removal of a cone-shaped section of cervix for diagnosis or treatment of cervical dysplasia
laparoscopic opphroectomy
ovary is placed in plastic bag and extracted through the laparoscope
amniocentesis
needle placement guided by ultrasound images
AB
abortion
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein-high levels in amniotic fluid of the fetus or maternal serum
BRCA 1 & BRCA 2
breast cancer 1 & 2, genetic mutation associated with increased risk for cancer
BSE
breast self-examination
CA 125
protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer
c-section, CS
cesarean section
CIN
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
CIS
carcinoma in situ
CVS
chronic villus sampling
cx
cervix
D & C
dilation and curretage
DCIS
ductal carcinoma in situ
DUB
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
FHR
fetal heart rate
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
G
gravida (pregnant)
GnRH
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
GYN
gynecology
hCG/HCG
human chorionic gondabtropin
HDN
hemolytic disease at newborn
HPV
human papillomavirus
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
HSG
hysterosalpingography
IUD
intrauterine device, contraceptive
IVF
in vitro fertilization
LEEP
loop electrocautery excision procedure
LH
luteinizing hormone
LMP
last menstrual period
multip
multipara, multiparous
OB
obstertrics
para 2-0-1-2
a women’s reproductive history: 2 full-term infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, 2 living children
pap test
papanicolaou smear test
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
PMS
premenstrual syndrome
primip
primipara, primiparous
SLN biopsy or SNB
sentinel lymph node biopsy
TAH-BSO
total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
UAE
uterine artery embolization
VH
vaginal hysterectomy
oxytocin
hormone that stimulates the pregnant uterus to contract
lactation
secretion of milk
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
removal of both fallopian tubes and both ovaries
amenorrhea
no menstrual flow
dysmenorrhea
painful menstrual flow
leukorrhea
white discharge
metrorrhagia
bleeding from uterus (irregular intervals)
galactorrhea
abnormal discharge of milk from breasts
menorrhagia
profuse/prolonged menstrual periods (irregular intervals)
pyosalpinx
pus in fallopian (uterine) tubes
dyspareunia
painful sexual intercourse
menometrorrhagia
heavy bleeding at and between menstrual periods
oligomenorrhea
scanty menstrual flow
anovulatory
pertaining to no ovulation
nulliparous
a woman who has never given birth
preeclampsia
a condition during pregnancy or shortly thereafter, marked by hypertension, proteinuria and edema
placenta previa
placenta implantation over the cervical opening
multiple gestations
more than one fetus inside the uterus
leiomyoma
benign muscle tumor in uterus
cauterization
burning of abnormal tissue with chemicals or an electrically heated instrument
cryosurgery/cryocauterization
cold temperature is used to destroy tissue
fine needle aspiration
withdrawal of fluid or tissue from a cyst or solid mass by suction with a neele
tubal ligation
blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilization from occuring
pregnancy test
hCG is measured in urine or blood
pelvic exenteration
removal of internal gynecologic organs and adjacent structures in the pelvis
gynecomastia
condition of abnormal enlargement of female breast (in males)
fontanelle
soft spot between the newborn cranial bones
meconium aspiration syndrome
thick sticky green-black substance is discharged into the amniotic fluid causing fetal lung problems
infant respiratory distress syndrome
acute lung disease in premature newborns, surfactant deficiency
primipara
woman has given birth for the first time
