chapter 15 Flashcards
musculoskeletal system
musculoskeletal system
bones, muscles, and joints of the body
sinuses
air cavities located in facial and cranial bones, lighten the skull and warm and moisten the air as it passes into the respiratory system
acetabulum
rounded depression in pelvis that joins the femur, forming the hip joint
acromion
outward extension of shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder
bone
dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton
bone depression
opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or passageway for blood vessels & nerves
bone process
enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons & ligaments
calcium
-mineral constituent of bone
-necessary for nerve transmitted to muscles including heart muscles & muscles attached to bones
-level maintained in blood by parathyroid gland
spongy (cancellous) bone
porous bone tissue in inner part of bone
cartilage
flexible, connective tissue
collagen
dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone & other tissues
compact (cortical) bone
hard, dense bone tissue usually found around outer portion of bones
cranial bones(skull bones)
ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid & temporal
diaphysis
shaft, or mid portion of a long bone
disc
flat, round, plate-like structure
epiphyseal line or plate
growth plate where cartilgae replaced by bone for bone growth (in length)
epiphysis
each end of a long bone, area beyond the epiphyseal plate
facial bones
lacrimal, manidular, maxilla, nasal, vomer & zygomatic
fontanelle
soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between skull bones of an infant
foramen magnum
opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
haversian canals
minute spaces filled with blood vessels, found in compact bone
ligament
fibrous connective tissue that binds bone to bone
mallelous
round process on both sides of the ankle joint
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum
mastoid process
round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
medullary caviy
central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone
metaphysis
flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis & epiphyseal plate
olecranon
large process on the proximal end of the ulna
orthopedist & osteopath
two physicians who treat bones & bones diseases
osseous tissue
bone tissue
ossification
process of bone formation
osteoblast
bone cell that helps from bony tissue
osteoclast
bone cell that absorbs & removes unwanted bony tissue
periosteum
membrane surrounding bones, rich in blood vessels & nerve tissue
phosphorus (P)
mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium
physiatrist
medical doctor who specializes in restoring patients to functional activity after injuries to bones, nerves & muscles
pubic symphysis
are of confluence of the two pubic bones in the pelvis
red bone marrow
found in spongy bone, rich with blood vessels & immature and. mature blood cells in various stages of development, where hematopoiesis occurs
ribs
twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall: true ribs (1st 7 pairs), false ribs (pairs 8-10) & floating ribs (pair 11 & 12)
sella turica
depression on the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
suture
immovable joint between bones
temporomandibular (TMJ) joint
connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw
tendon
fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in spongy bone
vertebra
individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body & arch, spinous & transverse process and lamina
xiphoid process
lower, narrow portion of the sternum
yellow bone marrow
fatty tissue found in medullary cavity of most adult long bones
calc/o & calci/o
calcium
kyph/o
posterior curvature in thoracic region
lamin/o
lamina
lord/o
curve
lumb/o
loins, lower back
myel/o
bone marrow
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
scoli/o
bone
spondyl/o & vertebr/o
vertebra
-blast
embryonic (immature) cell
-clast
to break
-listhesis
slipping
-malacia
softening
-physis
to grow
-porosis
pore, passage
-tome
instrument to cut
acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip socket)
calcane/o
calcaneus (heal)
carp/o
carpals (wrist bones)
clavicul/o
clavicle (collarbone)
cost/o
ribs
crani/o
cranium (skull)
femor/o
femur (thigh bones)
fibul/o
fibula (smaller leg bone)
humer/o
humerus (upper arm)
ili/o
ilium (upper portion of pelvic bone)
ischi/o
ischium (part of pelvic bone)
malleol/o
malleolus
mandibul/o
mandible (lower jaw bone)
maxill/o
maxilla (upper jaw bone)
metacarp/o
metacarpals (hand bones)
metatars/o
metatarsals (foot bones)
olecran/o
olecranon (elbow)
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
pelv/i
pelvis
perone/o
fibula
phalang/o
phalanges (fingers, toe bone)
pub/o
pubic
radi/o
radius
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder bone)
tars/o
tarsals
tibi/o
tibia (shin bone)
uln/o
ulna (lower arm bone)
joint (articulation)
coming together of two or more bones
synovial joints
freely moveable joint
bursa (plural: bursae)
closed sac of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near but not within a joint, needed where sliding must take place
articular cartilage
smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint
meniscus
a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that partly divides a join cavity, acts as a protection cushion (present in knee)
synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint
synovial fluid
viscous fluid within the synovial cavity
synovial membrane
tissue lining the synovial cavity, produces synovial fluid
anky/o
stiff
arthr/o & articul/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
chondr/o
cartilge
ligament/o
ligament
rheumat/o
watery flow
synov/o
synovial membrane
ten/o & tendin/o
tendon
-desis
to bind, tie together
-stenosis
narrowing
skeletal (striated) muscle
under voluntary control, move all the bones as well as face & eyes
smooth muscle
control is involuntary, move internal organs
cardiac muscle
not consciously controlled and found exclusively in the heart
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
dorisflexion
upper movement of the foot
extension
straightening of a flexed limb
fascia
fibrous membrane separating & enveloping muscles
flexion
downward movement of foot
insertion of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a bone that moves
origin of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a stationary bone
plantar flexion
bending of the sole of foot downwards toward the ground
pronation
turning palm downward (radius & ulna parallel)
rotation
circular movement around central point
supination
turning palm upward (radius covers ulna)
fasci/o
fascia
fibr/o
fibrous
leiomy/o
smooth muscle
my/o & myos/o
muscle
myocardi/o
heart muscle
plant/o
sole of foot
rhabdomy/o
skeletal muscle
sarc/o
muscles & flesh
-asthenia
lack of strength
-trophy
nourishment, development
ab-
away from
ad-
toward
dorsi-
back
poly-
many, much
AC
acromioclavicular (joint)
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
ANA
antinuclear antibody
BKA
below-knee amputation
BMP
bone mineral density
C1-C7
cervical vertebra
CK
creatinine kinase
CMC
carpometacarpal (joint)
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
DEXA or DXA
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
DMARD
disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
DO
doctor of osteopathy
DTRs
deep tendon reflexes
EMG
electromyography
ESR (sed rate)
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
IM
intramuscular
L1-L5
lumbar vertebra
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
OA
osteoarthritis
ORIF
open reduction (of fracture)/ internal fixation
ortho
orthopedics (orthopaedics)
OT
occupational therapy
P
phosphorus
PT
physical therapy
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
RF
rheumatoid factor
ROM
range of motion
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
T1-T12
thoracic vertebra
TKR
total knee replacement/arthroplasty
TMJ
temporomandibular joint
chiropractor
a practitioner who manipulates the patient’s spinal cord to relieve pressure on nerves
parietal bone
forms the roof & upper side parts of the skull
occipital bone
forms the back & base of skull
frontal bone
forms the forehead
sphenoid bone
bat-shaped bone extending behind the eyes to form the base of the skull
temporal bone
bone near ear & connecting to lower jaw
nasal bone
bone that supports the bridge of nose
vomer
thin, flat bone forming the lower portion of the nasal septum
mandible
lower jawbone
maxilla
upper jawbone
lacrimal bone
two paired bones, one located at the corner of each eye
neural cavity
space through which the spinal cord passes
intervertebral disc
piece of cartilage between two vertebra
vertebral arch
posterior part of a vertebra
vertebral body
anterior part of a vertebra
5 divisions of the spinal column:
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- coccygeal
scapula
shoulder blade
humerus
upper arm bone
sternum
breast bone
femur
thigh bone
phalanges
finger & toe bones
metacarpals
hand bones
ulna
forearm bone (pinky side)
radius
forearm bone (thumb side)
clavicle
collarbone
carpals
wrist bones
vertebral column
backbone
patella
knee cap
tibia
shin bone (large bone of lower leg)
fibula
smaller of the two lower leg bones
ilium, ischium & pubis
three parts of pelvis
metatarsals
bones between the tarsals & phalanges
calcaneus
heal bone, largest of tarsal bones in hind foot
lamina
portion of vertebral arch
osteogenesis
formation of bone
hypercalcemia
excessive calcium in blood
spondylosis
abnormal condition of the vertebra, degenerative changes in the spine
decalcification
removal of calcium from bones
osteitis
inflammation of bone, osteitis deformans (Paget disease) causes deformed bones like large skull
costoclavicular
pertaining to ribs & clavicle
craniotome
instrument to cut the skull
infrapatellar/sibpatellar
pertaining to below the kneecap
metacarpectomy
removal of hand bones
osteodystrophy
poor bone development
sacroiliac
pertaining to the sacrum & ilium
myelpoiesis
formation of bone marrow
talipes (equinovarus)
clubfoot
kyphosis
humpback
exostoses
malignant tumors arising from bone surface
osteogenesis imperfecta
brittle bone disease
scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
lordosis
anterior curvature of the spine
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra over a lower vertebra
osteoporosis
increases porosity in bone, decrease in bone density
osteomyelitis
inflammation (infection) of bone & bone marrow
osteogenic sarcoma
cancerous tumor of bone, osteoblasts multiply at ends of long bones
crepitus
crackling sensation as worn-out bones move against each other
osteomalacia/rickets (in kids)
softening of bone, due to loss of calcium in bones
abscess
collection of pus
osteopenia
deficiency of bone, precursor of osteoporosis
Ewing sarcoma
malignant tumor of bone in children, often involving entire shaft of a long bone
metastatic bone lesion
malignant tumor that has spread to bone from the breast, lung, thyroid, kidney or prostate gland
compound/open fracture
break in bone with wound in skin
simple/closed fracture
break in bone without wound in skin
open reduction
bone is put in proper place after surgical incision of skin
tendinosis
abnormal condition of a tendon
chondroma
tumor (benign) of cartilage
chondrosarcoma
tumor (malignant) of cartilage
hemarthrosis
abnormal condition of blood in the joint
rheumatologist
doctor who specializes in treatment of joint disorders
ankylosis
abnormal condition of a stiffened, immobile joint
achondroplasia
inherited condition which bones of the arms & legs fail to grow normally because of a defect in cartilage & bone formation, type of dwarfism
osteoarthritis (OA)
degenerative joint disease, chronic inflammation of bones & joints
gouty arthritis
inflammation in and around joints caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic joint disease, inflamed & painful joints owing to autoimmune reaction against normal joint tissue, synovial membranes become swollen & thickened
lyme disease
tick-borne bacterium causes this condition marked by arthritis, myalgia, malaise & neurologic & cardiac symptoms
bunion or hallux valgus
angulation & swelling of the fist metatarsophalangeal joint (big toe)
ganglion cyst
cystic mass arising from a joint or tendon in the wrist
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening joints, especially of the spine (vertebrae)
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic inflammatory disease affecting not only the joints but also skin (butterfly rash on face), kidney, heart & lungs
tensosynovitis
inflammation of the tendon sheath
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
compression of the median nerve in the wrist as it passes through an area between a ligament, tendon, bones & connective tissue
dislocation
displacement of bone from its joint
subluxation
partial or incomplete displacement of a bone from the joint
arthodesis
surgical fixation of a joint (binding it together by fusing the joint surfaces)
pyrexia
fever, increase in body temp.
podagra
pain in the big toe from gouty arthritis
sciatica
pain radiating from the back to the leg (along the sciatic nerve), most commonly caused by a protruding intervertebral disc
herniation of an interverbral disc
protrusion of a disc into the neural canal or spinal nerves
laminectomy
removal of a portion of the vertebral arch (lamina) to relieve pressure from a protruding intervertebral disc
sprain
trauma to a joint with pain, swelling & injury to ligaments
strain
overstretching of a muscle
hyperuricemia
high levels of uric acid in the bloodstream, present in gouty arthritis
polymyalgia
pain of many muscles
electromyography (EMG)
process of recording electricity within muscles
rhabdomyolysis
destruction of skeletal muscle tissue
leiomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of smooth muscles
rhabdomyoma
benign tumor of skeletal muscle (striated voluntary)
polymyositis
inflammation of many muscles
polymyositis rheumatica
chronic inflammatory condition causing muscle weakness & pain
fibromyalgia (fibrositis)
pain of muscle & fibrous tissue (especially in back)
muscular dystrophy
group of inherited muscular diseases marked by progressive weakness & degeneration of muscles without nerve involvement
myasthenia gravis
loss of strength of muscles (often with paralysis) because of a defect the connection between the nerve & muscle cell
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig disease)
muscles degenerate (paralysis occurs) owing to degeneration of nerves in spinal cord & lower region of brain
sarcopenia
deficiency of flesh (muscle mass)
antinuclear antibody (ANA) test
test tells if patient has systemic lupus erythematosus
serum creatine kinase
elevated blood levels of this enzyme are found in muscular disorders
uric acid test
test tells if patient has gouty arthritis
rheumatoid factor test (RFT)
test for presence of an antibody found in serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
bone scan
radioactive substance injected & traced in dense, hard connective tissue (bone)
muscle biopsy
removal of a soft connective tissue (muscle) for microscopic examination
arthroscopy
visual examination of a joint
acetylcholine (Act)
chemical found in myoneural space
arthrography
process of taking x-ray pictures of a joint
range of motion (ROM)
measurement in degrees of a circle assesses the extent a joint can be flexed or extended
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
drug used to treat joint disease
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
band of fibrous tissue connecting the femur & tibia in the knee
open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF)
procedure to repair compound fracture
winged scapulae in muscular dystrophy
children who are born with a condition of muscle deterioration & wasting have winged scapulae