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medical terminolgy > chapter 15 > Flashcards

chapter 15 Flashcards

musculoskeletal system

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

bones, muscles, and joints of the body

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2
Q

sinuses

A

air cavities located in facial and cranial bones, lighten the skull and warm and moisten the air as it passes into the respiratory system

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3
Q

acetabulum

A

rounded depression in pelvis that joins the femur, forming the hip joint

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4
Q

acromion

A

outward extension of shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder

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5
Q

bone

A

dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

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6
Q

bone depression

A

opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or passageway for blood vessels & nerves

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7
Q

bone process

A

enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons & ligaments

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8
Q

calcium

A

-mineral constituent of bone
-necessary for nerve transmitted to muscles including heart muscles & muscles attached to bones
-level maintained in blood by parathyroid gland

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9
Q

spongy (cancellous) bone

A

porous bone tissue in inner part of bone

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10
Q

cartilage

A

flexible, connective tissue

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11
Q

collagen

A

dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone & other tissues

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12
Q

compact (cortical) bone

A

hard, dense bone tissue usually found around outer portion of bones

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13
Q

cranial bones(skull bones)

A

ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid & temporal

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14
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft, or mid portion of a long bone

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15
Q

disc

A

flat, round, plate-like structure

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16
Q

epiphyseal line or plate

A

growth plate where cartilgae replaced by bone for bone growth (in length)

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17
Q

epiphysis

A

each end of a long bone, area beyond the epiphyseal plate

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18
Q

facial bones

A

lacrimal, manidular, maxilla, nasal, vomer & zygomatic

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19
Q

fontanelle

A

soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between skull bones of an infant

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20
Q

foramen magnum

A

opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

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21
Q

haversian canals

A

minute spaces filled with blood vessels, found in compact bone

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22
Q

ligament

A

fibrous connective tissue that binds bone to bone

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23
Q

mallelous

A

round process on both sides of the ankle joint

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24
Q

manubrium

A

upper portion of the sternum

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25
Q

mastoid process

A

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

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26
Q

medullary caviy

A

central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone

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27
Q

metaphysis

A

flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis & epiphyseal plate

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28
Q

olecranon

A

large process on the proximal end of the ulna

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29
Q

orthopedist & osteopath

A

two physicians who treat bones & bones diseases

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30
Q

osseous tissue

A

bone tissue

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31
Q

ossification

A

process of bone formation

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32
Q

osteoblast

A

bone cell that helps from bony tissue

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33
Q

osteoclast

A

bone cell that absorbs & removes unwanted bony tissue

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34
Q

periosteum

A

membrane surrounding bones, rich in blood vessels & nerve tissue

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35
Q

phosphorus (P)

A

mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium

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36
Q

physiatrist

A

medical doctor who specializes in restoring patients to functional activity after injuries to bones, nerves & muscles

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37
Q

pubic symphysis

A

are of confluence of the two pubic bones in the pelvis

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38
Q

red bone marrow

A

found in spongy bone, rich with blood vessels & immature and. mature blood cells in various stages of development, where hematopoiesis occurs

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39
Q

ribs

A

twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall: true ribs (1st 7 pairs), false ribs (pairs 8-10) & floating ribs (pair 11 & 12)

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40
Q

sella turica

A

depression on the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

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41
Q

styloid process

A

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

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42
Q

suture

A

immovable joint between bones

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43
Q

temporomandibular (TMJ) joint

A

connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw

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44
Q

tendon

A

fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles to bones

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45
Q

trabeculae

A

supporting bundles of bony fibers in spongy bone

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46
Q

vertebra

A

individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body & arch, spinous & transverse process and lamina

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47
Q

xiphoid process

A

lower, narrow portion of the sternum

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48
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

fatty tissue found in medullary cavity of most adult long bones

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49
Q

calc/o & calci/o

A

calcium

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50
Q

kyph/o

A

posterior curvature in thoracic region

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51
Q

lamin/o

A

lamina

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52
Q

lord/o

A

curve

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53
Q

lumb/o

A

loins, lower back

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54
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

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55
Q

orth/o

A

straight

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56
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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57
Q

scoli/o

A

bone

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58
Q

spondyl/o & vertebr/o

A

vertebra

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59
Q

-blast

A

embryonic (immature) cell

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60
Q

-clast

A

to break

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61
Q

-listhesis

A

slipping

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62
Q

-malacia

A

softening

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63
Q

-physis

A

to grow

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64
Q

-porosis

A

pore, passage

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65
Q

-tome

A

instrument to cut

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66
Q

acetabul/o

A

acetabulum (hip socket)

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67
Q

calcane/o

A

calcaneus (heal)

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68
Q

carp/o

A

carpals (wrist bones)

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69
Q

clavicul/o

A

clavicle (collarbone)

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70
Q

cost/o

A

ribs

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71
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

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72
Q

femor/o

A

femur (thigh bones)

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73
Q

fibul/o

A

fibula (smaller leg bone)

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74
Q

humer/o

A

humerus (upper arm)

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75
Q

ili/o

A

ilium (upper portion of pelvic bone)

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76
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium (part of pelvic bone)

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77
Q

malleol/o

A

malleolus

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78
Q

mandibul/o

A

mandible (lower jaw bone)

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79
Q

maxill/o

A

maxilla (upper jaw bone)

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80
Q

metacarp/o

A

metacarpals (hand bones)

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81
Q

metatars/o

A

metatarsals (foot bones)

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82
Q

olecran/o

A

olecranon (elbow)

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83
Q

patell/o

A

patella (kneecap)

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84
Q

pelv/i

A

pelvis

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85
Q

perone/o

A

fibula

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86
Q

phalang/o

A

phalanges (fingers, toe bone)

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87
Q

pub/o

A

pubic

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88
Q

radi/o

A

radius

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89
Q

scapul/o

A

scapula (shoulder bone)

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90
Q

tars/o

A

tarsals

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91
Q

tibi/o

A

tibia (shin bone)

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92
Q

uln/o

A

ulna (lower arm bone)

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93
Q

joint (articulation)

A

coming together of two or more bones

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94
Q

synovial joints

A

freely moveable joint

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95
Q

bursa (plural: bursae)

A

closed sac of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near but not within a joint, needed where sliding must take place

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96
Q

articular cartilage

A

smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint

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97
Q

meniscus

A

a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that partly divides a join cavity, acts as a protection cushion (present in knee)

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98
Q

synovial cavity

A

space between bones at a synovial joint

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99
Q

synovial fluid

A

viscous fluid within the synovial cavity

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100
Q

synovial membrane

A

tissue lining the synovial cavity, produces synovial fluid

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101
Q

anky/o

A

stiff

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102
Q

arthr/o & articul/o

A

joint

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103
Q

burs/o

A

bursa

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104
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilge

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105
Q

ligament/o

A

ligament

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106
Q

rheumat/o

A

watery flow

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107
Q

synov/o

A

synovial membrane

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108
Q

ten/o & tendin/o

A

tendon

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109
Q

-desis

A

to bind, tie together

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110
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing

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111
Q

skeletal (striated) muscle

A

under voluntary control, move all the bones as well as face & eyes

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112
Q

smooth muscle

A

control is involuntary, move internal organs

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113
Q

cardiac muscle

A

not consciously controlled and found exclusively in the heart

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114
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body

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115
Q

adduction

A

movement toward the midline of the body

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116
Q

dorisflexion

A

upper movement of the foot

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117
Q

extension

A

straightening of a flexed limb

118
Q

fascia

A

fibrous membrane separating & enveloping muscles

119
Q

flexion

A

downward movement of foot

120
Q

insertion of a muscle

A

connection of the muscle to a bone that moves

121
Q

origin of a muscle

A

connection of the muscle to a stationary bone

122
Q

plantar flexion

A

bending of the sole of foot downwards toward the ground

123
Q

pronation

A

turning palm downward (radius & ulna parallel)

124
Q

rotation

A

circular movement around central point

125
Q

supination

A

turning palm upward (radius covers ulna)

126
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia

127
Q

fibr/o

A

fibrous

128
Q

leiomy/o

A

smooth muscle

129
Q

my/o & myos/o

A

muscle

130
Q

myocardi/o

A

heart muscle

131
Q

plant/o

A

sole of foot

132
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

skeletal muscle

133
Q

sarc/o

A

muscles & flesh

134
Q

-asthenia

A

lack of strength

135
Q

-trophy

A

nourishment, development

136
Q

ab-

A

away from

137
Q

ad-

A

toward

138
Q

dorsi-

A

back

139
Q

poly-

A

many, much

140
Q

AC

A

acromioclavicular (joint)

141
Q

ACL

A

anterior cruciate ligament of the knee

142
Q

ANA

A

antinuclear antibody

143
Q

BKA

A

below-knee amputation

144
Q

BMP

A

bone mineral density

145
Q

C1-C7

A

cervical vertebra

146
Q

CK

A

creatinine kinase

147
Q

CMC

A

carpometacarpal (joint)

148
Q

CTS

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

149
Q

DEXA or DXA

A

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

150
Q

DMARD

A

disease-modifying antirheumatic drug

151
Q

DO

A

doctor of osteopathy

152
Q

DTRs

A

deep tendon reflexes

153
Q

EMG

A

electromyography

154
Q

ESR (sed rate)

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

155
Q

HNP

A

herniated nucleus pulposus

156
Q

IM

A

intramuscular

157
Q

L1-L5

A

lumbar vertebra

158
Q

NSAID

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

159
Q

OA

A

osteoarthritis

160
Q

ORIF

A

open reduction (of fracture)/ internal fixation

161
Q

ortho

A

orthopedics (orthopaedics)

162
Q

OT

A

occupational therapy

163
Q

P

A

phosphorus

164
Q

PT

A

physical therapy

165
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis

166
Q

RF

A

rheumatoid factor

167
Q

ROM

A

range of motion

168
Q

SLE

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

169
Q

T1-T12

A

thoracic vertebra

170
Q

TKR

A

total knee replacement/arthroplasty

171
Q

TMJ

A

temporomandibular joint

172
Q

chiropractor

A

a practitioner who manipulates the patient’s spinal cord to relieve pressure on nerves

173
Q

parietal bone

A

forms the roof & upper side parts of the skull

174
Q

occipital bone

A

forms the back & base of skull

175
Q

frontal bone

A

forms the forehead

176
Q

sphenoid bone

A

bat-shaped bone extending behind the eyes to form the base of the skull

177
Q

temporal bone

A

bone near ear & connecting to lower jaw

178
Q

nasal bone

A

bone that supports the bridge of nose

179
Q

vomer

A

thin, flat bone forming the lower portion of the nasal septum

180
Q

mandible

A

lower jawbone

181
Q

maxilla

A

upper jawbone

182
Q

lacrimal bone

A

two paired bones, one located at the corner of each eye

183
Q

neural cavity

A

space through which the spinal cord passes

184
Q

intervertebral disc

A

piece of cartilage between two vertebra

185
Q

vertebral arch

A

posterior part of a vertebra

186
Q

vertebral body

A

anterior part of a vertebra

187
Q

5 divisions of the spinal column:

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
  5. coccygeal
188
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

189
Q

humerus

A

upper arm bone

190
Q

sternum

A

breast bone

191
Q

femur

A

thigh bone

192
Q

phalanges

A

finger & toe bones

193
Q

metacarpals

A

hand bones

194
Q

ulna

A

forearm bone (pinky side)

195
Q

radius

A

forearm bone (thumb side)

196
Q

clavicle

A

collarbone

197
Q

carpals

A

wrist bones

198
Q

vertebral column

A

backbone

199
Q

patella

A

knee cap

200
Q

tibia

A

shin bone (large bone of lower leg)

201
Q

fibula

A

smaller of the two lower leg bones

202
Q

ilium, ischium & pubis

A

three parts of pelvis

203
Q

metatarsals

A

bones between the tarsals & phalanges

204
Q

calcaneus

A

heal bone, largest of tarsal bones in hind foot

205
Q

lamina

A

portion of vertebral arch

206
Q

osteogenesis

A

formation of bone

207
Q

hypercalcemia

A

excessive calcium in blood

208
Q

spondylosis

A

abnormal condition of the vertebra, degenerative changes in the spine

209
Q

decalcification

A

removal of calcium from bones

210
Q

osteitis

A

inflammation of bone, osteitis deformans (Paget disease) causes deformed bones like large skull

211
Q

costoclavicular

A

pertaining to ribs & clavicle

212
Q

craniotome

A

instrument to cut the skull

213
Q

infrapatellar/sibpatellar

A

pertaining to below the kneecap

214
Q

metacarpectomy

A

removal of hand bones

215
Q

osteodystrophy

A

poor bone development

216
Q

sacroiliac

A

pertaining to the sacrum & ilium

217
Q

myelpoiesis

A

formation of bone marrow

218
Q

talipes (equinovarus)

A

clubfoot

219
Q

kyphosis

A

humpback

220
Q

exostoses

A

malignant tumors arising from bone surface

221
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A

brittle bone disease

222
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of the spine

223
Q

lordosis

A

anterior curvature of the spine

224
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

forward slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra over a lower vertebra

225
Q

osteoporosis

A

increases porosity in bone, decrease in bone density

226
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation (infection) of bone & bone marrow

227
Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A

cancerous tumor of bone, osteoblasts multiply at ends of long bones

228
Q

crepitus

A

crackling sensation as worn-out bones move against each other

229
Q

osteomalacia/rickets (in kids)

A

softening of bone, due to loss of calcium in bones

230
Q

abscess

A

collection of pus

231
Q

osteopenia

A

deficiency of bone, precursor of osteoporosis

232
Q

Ewing sarcoma

A

malignant tumor of bone in children, often involving entire shaft of a long bone

233
Q

metastatic bone lesion

A

malignant tumor that has spread to bone from the breast, lung, thyroid, kidney or prostate gland

234
Q

compound/open fracture

A

break in bone with wound in skin

235
Q

simple/closed fracture

A

break in bone without wound in skin

236
Q

open reduction

A

bone is put in proper place after surgical incision of skin

237
Q

tendinosis

A

abnormal condition of a tendon

238
Q

chondroma

A

tumor (benign) of cartilage

239
Q

chondrosarcoma

A

tumor (malignant) of cartilage

240
Q

hemarthrosis

A

abnormal condition of blood in the joint

241
Q

rheumatologist

A

doctor who specializes in treatment of joint disorders

242
Q

ankylosis

A

abnormal condition of a stiffened, immobile joint

243
Q

achondroplasia

A

inherited condition which bones of the arms & legs fail to grow normally because of a defect in cartilage & bone formation, type of dwarfism

244
Q

osteoarthritis (OA)

A

degenerative joint disease, chronic inflammation of bones & joints

245
Q

gouty arthritis

A

inflammation in and around joints caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals

246
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

chronic joint disease, inflamed & painful joints owing to autoimmune reaction against normal joint tissue, synovial membranes become swollen & thickened

247
Q

lyme disease

A

tick-borne bacterium causes this condition marked by arthritis, myalgia, malaise & neurologic & cardiac symptoms

248
Q

bunion or hallux valgus

A

angulation & swelling of the fist metatarsophalangeal joint (big toe)

249
Q

ganglion cyst

A

cystic mass arising from a joint or tendon in the wrist

250
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening joints, especially of the spine (vertebrae)

251
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

chronic inflammatory disease affecting not only the joints but also skin (butterfly rash on face), kidney, heart & lungs

252
Q

tensosynovitis

A

inflammation of the tendon sheath

253
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

compression of the median nerve in the wrist as it passes through an area between a ligament, tendon, bones & connective tissue

254
Q

dislocation

A

displacement of bone from its joint

255
Q

subluxation

A

partial or incomplete displacement of a bone from the joint

256
Q

arthodesis

A

surgical fixation of a joint (binding it together by fusing the joint surfaces)

257
Q

pyrexia

A

fever, increase in body temp.

258
Q

podagra

A

pain in the big toe from gouty arthritis

259
Q

sciatica

A

pain radiating from the back to the leg (along the sciatic nerve), most commonly caused by a protruding intervertebral disc

260
Q

herniation of an interverbral disc

A

protrusion of a disc into the neural canal or spinal nerves

261
Q

laminectomy

A

removal of a portion of the vertebral arch (lamina) to relieve pressure from a protruding intervertebral disc

262
Q

sprain

A

trauma to a joint with pain, swelling & injury to ligaments

263
Q

strain

A

overstretching of a muscle

264
Q

hyperuricemia

A

high levels of uric acid in the bloodstream, present in gouty arthritis

265
Q

polymyalgia

A

pain of many muscles

266
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

process of recording electricity within muscles

267
Q

rhabdomyolysis

A

destruction of skeletal muscle tissue

268
Q

leiomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of smooth muscles

269
Q

rhabdomyoma

A

benign tumor of skeletal muscle (striated voluntary)

270
Q

polymyositis

A

inflammation of many muscles

271
Q

polymyositis rheumatica

A

chronic inflammatory condition causing muscle weakness & pain

272
Q

fibromyalgia (fibrositis)

A

pain of muscle & fibrous tissue (especially in back)

273
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

group of inherited muscular diseases marked by progressive weakness & degeneration of muscles without nerve involvement

274
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

loss of strength of muscles (often with paralysis) because of a defect the connection between the nerve & muscle cell

275
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig disease)

A

muscles degenerate (paralysis occurs) owing to degeneration of nerves in spinal cord & lower region of brain

276
Q

sarcopenia

A

deficiency of flesh (muscle mass)

277
Q

antinuclear antibody (ANA) test

A

test tells if patient has systemic lupus erythematosus

278
Q

serum creatine kinase

A

elevated blood levels of this enzyme are found in muscular disorders

279
Q

uric acid test

A

test tells if patient has gouty arthritis

280
Q

rheumatoid factor test (RFT)

A

test for presence of an antibody found in serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

281
Q

bone scan

A

radioactive substance injected & traced in dense, hard connective tissue (bone)

282
Q

muscle biopsy

A

removal of a soft connective tissue (muscle) for microscopic examination

283
Q

arthroscopy

A

visual examination of a joint

284
Q

acetylcholine (Act)

A

chemical found in myoneural space

285
Q

arthrography

A

process of taking x-ray pictures of a joint

286
Q

range of motion (ROM)

A

measurement in degrees of a circle assesses the extent a joint can be flexed or extended

287
Q

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

A

drug used to treat joint disease

288
Q

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

A

band of fibrous tissue connecting the femur & tibia in the knee

289
Q

open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF)

A

procedure to repair compound fracture

290
Q

winged scapulae in muscular dystrophy

A

children who are born with a condition of muscle deterioration & wasting have winged scapulae

medical terminolgy (22 decks)

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