chapter 15 Flashcards
musculoskeletal system
1
Q
musculoskeletal system
A
bones, muscles, and joints of the body
2
Q
sinuses
A
air cavities located in facial and cranial bones, lighten the skull and warm and moisten the air as it passes into the respiratory system
3
Q
acetabulum
A
rounded depression in pelvis that joins the femur, forming the hip joint
4
Q
acromion
A
outward extension of shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder
5
Q
bone
A
dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton
6
Q
bone depression
A
opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or passageway for blood vessels & nerves
7
Q
bone process
A
enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons & ligaments
8
Q
calcium
A
-mineral constituent of bone
-necessary for nerve transmitted to muscles including heart muscles & muscles attached to bones
-level maintained in blood by parathyroid gland
9
Q
spongy (cancellous) bone
A
porous bone tissue in inner part of bone
10
Q
cartilage
A
flexible, connective tissue
11
Q
collagen
A
dense, connective tissue protein strands found in bone & other tissues
12
Q
compact (cortical) bone
A
hard, dense bone tissue usually found around outer portion of bones
13
Q
cranial bones(skull bones)
A
ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid & temporal
14
Q
diaphysis
A
shaft, or mid portion of a long bone
15
Q
disc
A
flat, round, plate-like structure
16
Q
epiphyseal line or plate
A
growth plate where cartilgae replaced by bone for bone growth (in length)
17
Q
epiphysis
A
each end of a long bone, area beyond the epiphyseal plate
18
Q
facial bones
A
lacrimal, manidular, maxilla, nasal, vomer & zygomatic
19
Q
fontanelle
A
soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between skull bones of an infant
20
Q
foramen magnum
A
opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
21
Q
haversian canals
A
minute spaces filled with blood vessels, found in compact bone
22
Q
ligament
A
fibrous connective tissue that binds bone to bone
23
Q
mallelous
A
round process on both sides of the ankle joint
24
Q
manubrium
A
upper portion of the sternum
25
mastoid process
round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
26
medullary caviy
central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone
27
metaphysis
flared portion of a long bone, between the diaphysis & epiphyseal plate
28
olecranon
large process on the proximal end of the ulna
29
orthopedist & osteopath
two physicians who treat bones & bones diseases
30
osseous tissue
bone tissue
31
ossification
process of bone formation
32
osteoblast
bone cell that helps from bony tissue
33
osteoclast
bone cell that absorbs & removes unwanted bony tissue
34
periosteum
membrane surrounding bones, rich in blood vessels & nerve tissue
35
phosphorus (P)
mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium
36
physiatrist
medical doctor who specializes in restoring patients to functional activity after injuries to bones, nerves & muscles
37
pubic symphysis
are of confluence of the two pubic bones in the pelvis
38
red bone marrow
found in spongy bone, rich with blood vessels & immature and. mature blood cells in various stages of development, where hematopoiesis occurs
39
ribs
twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall: true ribs (1st 7 pairs), false ribs (pairs 8-10) & floating ribs (pair 11 & 12)
40
sella turica
depression on the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
41
styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull
42
suture
immovable joint between bones
43
temporomandibular (TMJ) joint
connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw
44
tendon
fibrous connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
45
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in spongy bone
46
vertebra
individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body & arch, spinous & transverse process and lamina
47
xiphoid process
lower, narrow portion of the sternum
48
yellow bone marrow
fatty tissue found in medullary cavity of most adult long bones
49
calc/o & calci/o
calcium
50
kyph/o
posterior curvature in thoracic region
51
lamin/o
lamina
52
lord/o
curve
53
lumb/o
loins, lower back
54
myel/o
bone marrow
55
orth/o
straight
56
oste/o
bone
57
scoli/o
bone
58
spondyl/o & vertebr/o
vertebra
59
-blast
embryonic (immature) cell
60
-clast
to break
61
-listhesis
slipping
62
-malacia
softening
63
-physis
to grow
64
-porosis
pore, passage
65
-tome
instrument to cut
66
acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip socket)
67
calcane/o
calcaneus (heal)
68
carp/o
carpals (wrist bones)
69
clavicul/o
clavicle (collarbone)
70
cost/o
ribs
71
crani/o
cranium (skull)
72
femor/o
femur (thigh bones)
73
fibul/o
fibula (smaller leg bone)
74
humer/o
humerus (upper arm)
75
ili/o
ilium (upper portion of pelvic bone)
76
ischi/o
ischium (part of pelvic bone)
77
malleol/o
malleolus
78
mandibul/o
mandible (lower jaw bone)
79
maxill/o
maxilla (upper jaw bone)
80
metacarp/o
metacarpals (hand bones)
81
metatars/o
metatarsals (foot bones)
82
olecran/o
olecranon (elbow)
83
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
84
pelv/i
pelvis
85
perone/o
fibula
86
phalang/o
phalanges (fingers, toe bone)
87
pub/o
pubic
88
radi/o
radius
89
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder bone)
90
tars/o
tarsals
91
tibi/o
tibia (shin bone)
92
uln/o
ulna (lower arm bone)
93
joint (articulation)
coming together of two or more bones
94
synovial joints
freely moveable joint
95
bursa (plural: bursae)
closed sac of synovial fluid with a synovial membrane located near but not within a joint, needed where sliding must take place
96
articular cartilage
smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint
97
meniscus
a crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that partly divides a join cavity, acts as a protection cushion (present in knee)
98
synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint
99
synovial fluid
viscous fluid within the synovial cavity
100
synovial membrane
tissue lining the synovial cavity, produces synovial fluid
101
anky/o
stiff
102
arthr/o & articul/o
joint
103
burs/o
bursa
104
chondr/o
cartilge
105
ligament/o
ligament
106
rheumat/o
watery flow
107
synov/o
synovial membrane
108
ten/o & tendin/o
tendon
109
-desis
to bind, tie together
110
-stenosis
narrowing
111
skeletal (striated) muscle
under voluntary control, move all the bones as well as face & eyes
112
smooth muscle
control is involuntary, move internal organs
113
cardiac muscle
not consciously controlled and found exclusively in the heart
114
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
115
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
116
dorisflexion
upper movement of the foot
117
extension
straightening of a flexed limb
118
fascia
fibrous membrane separating & enveloping muscles
119
flexion
downward movement of foot
120
insertion of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a bone that moves
121
origin of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a stationary bone
122
plantar flexion
bending of the sole of foot downwards toward the ground
123
pronation
turning palm downward (radius & ulna parallel)
124
rotation
circular movement around central point
125
supination
turning palm upward (radius covers ulna)
126
fasci/o
fascia
127
fibr/o
fibrous
128
leiomy/o
smooth muscle
129
my/o & myos/o
muscle
130
myocardi/o
heart muscle
131
plant/o
sole of foot
132
rhabdomy/o
skeletal muscle
133
sarc/o
muscles & flesh
134
-asthenia
lack of strength
135
-trophy
nourishment, development
136
ab-
away from
137
ad-
toward
138
dorsi-
back
139
poly-
many, much
140
AC
acromioclavicular (joint)
141
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
142
ANA
antinuclear antibody
143
BKA
below-knee amputation
144
BMP
bone mineral density
145
C1-C7
cervical vertebra
146
CK
creatinine kinase
147
CMC
carpometacarpal (joint)
148
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
149
DEXA or DXA
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
150
DMARD
disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
151
DO
doctor of osteopathy
152
DTRs
deep tendon reflexes
153
EMG
electromyography
154
ESR (sed rate)
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
155
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
156
IM
intramuscular
157
L1-L5
lumbar vertebra
158
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
159
OA
osteoarthritis
160
ORIF
open reduction (of fracture)/ internal fixation
161
ortho
orthopedics (orthopaedics)
162
OT
occupational therapy
163
P
phosphorus
164
PT
physical therapy
165
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
166
RF
rheumatoid factor
167
ROM
range of motion
168
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
169
T1-T12
thoracic vertebra
170
TKR
total knee replacement/arthroplasty
171
TMJ
temporomandibular joint
172
chiropractor
a practitioner who manipulates the patient's spinal cord to relieve pressure on nerves
173
parietal bone
forms the roof & upper side parts of the skull
174
occipital bone
forms the back & base of skull
175
frontal bone
forms the forehead
176
sphenoid bone
bat-shaped bone extending behind the eyes to form the base of the skull
177
temporal bone
bone near ear & connecting to lower jaw
178
nasal bone
bone that supports the bridge of nose
179
vomer
thin, flat bone forming the lower portion of the nasal septum
180
mandible
lower jawbone
181
maxilla
upper jawbone
182
lacrimal bone
two paired bones, one located at the corner of each eye
183
neural cavity
space through which the spinal cord passes
184
intervertebral disc
piece of cartilage between two vertebra
185
vertebral arch
posterior part of a vertebra
186
vertebral body
anterior part of a vertebra
187
5 divisions of the spinal column:
1. cervical
2. thoracic
3. lumbar
4. sacral
5. coccygeal
188
scapula
shoulder blade
189
humerus
upper arm bone
190
sternum
breast bone
191
femur
thigh bone
192
phalanges
finger & toe bones
193
metacarpals
hand bones
194
ulna
forearm bone (pinky side)
195
radius
forearm bone (thumb side)
196
clavicle
collarbone
197
carpals
wrist bones
198
vertebral column
backbone
199
patella
knee cap
200
tibia
shin bone (large bone of lower leg)
201
fibula
smaller of the two lower leg bones
202
ilium, ischium & pubis
three parts of pelvis
203
metatarsals
bones between the tarsals & phalanges
204
calcaneus
heal bone, largest of tarsal bones in hind foot
205
lamina
portion of vertebral arch
206
osteogenesis
formation of bone
207
hypercalcemia
excessive calcium in blood
208
spondylosis
abnormal condition of the vertebra, degenerative changes in the spine
209
decalcification
removal of calcium from bones
210
osteitis
inflammation of bone, osteitis deformans (Paget disease) causes deformed bones like large skull
211
costoclavicular
pertaining to ribs & clavicle
212
craniotome
instrument to cut the skull
213
infrapatellar/sibpatellar
pertaining to below the kneecap
214
metacarpectomy
removal of hand bones
215
osteodystrophy
poor bone development
216
sacroiliac
pertaining to the sacrum & ilium
217
myelpoiesis
formation of bone marrow
218
talipes (equinovarus)
clubfoot
219
kyphosis
humpback
220
exostoses
malignant tumors arising from bone surface
221
osteogenesis imperfecta
brittle bone disease
222
scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
223
lordosis
anterior curvature of the spine
224
spondylolisthesis
forward slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra over a lower vertebra
225
osteoporosis
increases porosity in bone, decrease in bone density
226
osteomyelitis
inflammation (infection) of bone & bone marrow
227
osteogenic sarcoma
cancerous tumor of bone, osteoblasts multiply at ends of long bones
228
crepitus
crackling sensation as worn-out bones move against each other
229
osteomalacia/rickets (in kids)
softening of bone, due to loss of calcium in bones
230
abscess
collection of pus
231
osteopenia
deficiency of bone, precursor of osteoporosis
232
Ewing sarcoma
malignant tumor of bone in children, often involving entire shaft of a long bone
233
metastatic bone lesion
malignant tumor that has spread to bone from the breast, lung, thyroid, kidney or prostate gland
234
compound/open fracture
break in bone with wound in skin
235
simple/closed fracture
break in bone without wound in skin
236
open reduction
bone is put in proper place after surgical incision of skin
237
tendinosis
abnormal condition of a tendon
238
chondroma
tumor (benign) of cartilage
239
chondrosarcoma
tumor (malignant) of cartilage
240
hemarthrosis
abnormal condition of blood in the joint
241
rheumatologist
doctor who specializes in treatment of joint disorders
242
ankylosis
abnormal condition of a stiffened, immobile joint
243
achondroplasia
inherited condition which bones of the arms & legs fail to grow normally because of a defect in cartilage & bone formation, type of dwarfism
244
osteoarthritis (OA)
degenerative joint disease, chronic inflammation of bones & joints
245
gouty arthritis
inflammation in and around joints caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals
246
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic joint disease, inflamed & painful joints owing to autoimmune reaction against normal joint tissue, synovial membranes become swollen & thickened
247
lyme disease
tick-borne bacterium causes this condition marked by arthritis, myalgia, malaise & neurologic & cardiac symptoms
248
bunion or hallux valgus
angulation & swelling of the fist metatarsophalangeal joint (big toe)
249
ganglion cyst
cystic mass arising from a joint or tendon in the wrist
250
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening joints, especially of the spine (vertebrae)
251
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic inflammatory disease affecting not only the joints but also skin (butterfly rash on face), kidney, heart & lungs
252
tensosynovitis
inflammation of the tendon sheath
253
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
compression of the median nerve in the wrist as it passes through an area between a ligament, tendon, bones & connective tissue
254
dislocation
displacement of bone from its joint
255
subluxation
partial or incomplete displacement of a bone from the joint
256
arthodesis
surgical fixation of a joint (binding it together by fusing the joint surfaces)
257
pyrexia
fever, increase in body temp.
258
podagra
pain in the big toe from gouty arthritis
259
sciatica
pain radiating from the back to the leg (along the sciatic nerve), most commonly caused by a protruding intervertebral disc
260
herniation of an interverbral disc
protrusion of a disc into the neural canal or spinal nerves
261
laminectomy
removal of a portion of the vertebral arch (lamina) to relieve pressure from a protruding intervertebral disc
262
sprain
trauma to a joint with pain, swelling & injury to ligaments
263
strain
overstretching of a muscle
264
hyperuricemia
high levels of uric acid in the bloodstream, present in gouty arthritis
265
polymyalgia
pain of many muscles
266
electromyography (EMG)
process of recording electricity within muscles
267
rhabdomyolysis
destruction of skeletal muscle tissue
268
leiomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of smooth muscles
269
rhabdomyoma
benign tumor of skeletal muscle (striated voluntary)
270
polymyositis
inflammation of many muscles
271
polymyositis rheumatica
chronic inflammatory condition causing muscle weakness & pain
272
fibromyalgia (fibrositis)
pain of muscle & fibrous tissue (especially in back)
273
muscular dystrophy
group of inherited muscular diseases marked by progressive weakness & degeneration of muscles without nerve involvement
274
myasthenia gravis
loss of strength of muscles (often with paralysis) because of a defect the connection between the nerve & muscle cell
275
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig disease)
muscles degenerate (paralysis occurs) owing to degeneration of nerves in spinal cord & lower region of brain
276
sarcopenia
deficiency of flesh (muscle mass)
277
antinuclear antibody (ANA) test
test tells if patient has systemic lupus erythematosus
278
serum creatine kinase
elevated blood levels of this enzyme are found in muscular disorders
279
uric acid test
test tells if patient has gouty arthritis
280
rheumatoid factor test (RFT)
test for presence of an antibody found in serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
281
bone scan
radioactive substance injected & traced in dense, hard connective tissue (bone)
282
muscle biopsy
removal of a soft connective tissue (muscle) for microscopic examination
283
arthroscopy
visual examination of a joint
284
acetylcholine (Act)
chemical found in myoneural space
285
arthrography
process of taking x-ray pictures of a joint
286
range of motion (ROM)
measurement in degrees of a circle assesses the extent a joint can be flexed or extended
287
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
drug used to treat joint disease
288
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
band of fibrous tissue connecting the femur & tibia in the knee
289
open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF)
procedure to repair compound fracture
290
winged scapulae in muscular dystrophy
children who are born with a condition of muscle deterioration & wasting have winged scapulae
