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medical terminolgy > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

respiratory system

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

external respiration

A

exchange of air in lung capillaries

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2
Q

internal(cellular) respiration

A

exchange of gases in the cells

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3
Q

respiratory structures that conduct air:

A

-nose, nasal cavities & paranasal sinuses
-pharynx, larynx & trachea

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4
Q

respiratory structures that exchange gases:

A

bronchioles, alveoli & lung caillaries

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5
Q

respiratory flow process:

A

nose->nasal cavities & paranasal sinuses->pharynx (adenoids & tonsils)->larynx (epiglottis)->trachea-> bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli ->lung capillaries (bloodstream)

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6
Q

adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)

A

lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx

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7
Q

alveolus (plural: alveoli)

A

air sac in the lung

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8
Q

apex of the lung

A

tip/uppermost of the lung

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9
Q

base of the lung

A

the lower portion of lung

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10
Q

bronchioles

A

smallest branches in the bronchi

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11
Q

bronchus (bronchial tube) (plural: bronchi)

A

the branch of the trachea (windpipe) that’s a passageway into the lung

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12
Q

carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

gas produced by the body cells when oxygen & carbon atoms from food combine, exhaled through lungs

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13
Q

cilia

A

thin hairs attached to mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract

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14
Q

diaphragm

A

muscles separating the chest & abdomen, contract to pull air into the lungs -> relaxes to push air out

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15
Q

epiglottis

A

lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, keeps food from entering the larynx & trachea during swallowing

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16
Q

expiration (exhalation)

A

breathing out

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17
Q

glottis

A

slit-like opening to the larynx

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18
Q

hilum (of the lung)

A

midline region where bronchi, blood vessels & nerves enter and exit lungs

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19
Q

inspiration (inhalation)

A

breathing in

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20
Q

larynx

A

voice box, contains vocal cords

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21
Q

lobe

A

division of a lung

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22
Q

mediastinum

A

the region between the lungs in the chest cavity: contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus & bronchial tubes

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23
Q

nares

A

opening through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities

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24
Q

oxygen (O2)

A

gas that makes up 21% of air, passes into the bloodstream at the lungs & travels to all body cells

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25
Q

palatine tonsils

A

one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx

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26
Q

oropharynx

A

the part of the pharynx that lies between the soft palate and the hyoid bone

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27
Q

nasopharynx

A

the top part of the pharynx behind the nose above the soft palate to allows air to pass from the nose into the pharynx into the lungs

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28
Q

paranasal sinus

A

one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose

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29
Q

parietal pleura

A

outer fold of the pleura lying closer to the ribs & chest wall

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30
Q

pharynx

A

the throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx & laryngopharynx

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31
Q

laryngopharynx

A

between superior border of the epiglottis & inferior border of the cricoid cartilage that serves as a common passageway for food & air

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32
Q

pleura

A

double-folded membrane surrounding each lung

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33
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between the folds of the pleura

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34
Q

pulmonary parenchyma

A

essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; are the bronchioles & alveoli of lung

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35
Q

respiration (breathing)

A

the process of moving air into & out of the lungs

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36
Q

trachea

A

windpipe

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37
Q

visceral pleura

A

inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue

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38
Q

adenoid/o

A

adenoids

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39
Q

alveol/o

A

alveolus, air sac

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40
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchial tubes

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41
Q

bronchi/o

A

bronchus

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42
Q

bronchiol/o

A

bronchiole, small branches

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43
Q

capn/o

A

carbon dioxide

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44
Q

coni/o

A

dust

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45
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

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46
Q

epiglott/o

A

epiglottis

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47
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx, voice box

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48
Q

lob/o

A

lobe of the lung

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49
Q

mediastin/o

A

mediastinum

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50
Q

nas/o

A

nose

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51
Q

orth/o

A

straight, upright

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52
Q

ox/o

A

oxygen

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53
Q

pector/o

A

chest

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54
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx, throat

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55
Q

phon/o

A

voice

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56
Q

phren/o

A

diaphragm

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57
Q

pleur/o

A

pleura

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58
Q

pneum/o

A

air, lung, gas

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59
Q

pneumon/o

A

lung, air, gas

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60
Q

pulmon/o

A

lung

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61
Q

rhin/o

A

nose

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62
Q

sinus/o

A

sinus cavity

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63
Q

spir/o

A

breathing

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64
Q

tel/o

A

complete

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65
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

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66
Q

tonsill/o

A

tonsils

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67
Q

trache/o

A

trachea, windpipe

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68
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

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69
Q

-osmia

A

smell

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70
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

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71
Q

-ptysis

A

spitting

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72
Q

-sphyxia

A

pulse

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73
Q

-thorax

A

pleural cavity, chest

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74
Q

pneumothorax

A

air gathers in the pleural cavity

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75
Q

ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan

A

inhalation of radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection of different radioactive material for imaging

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76
Q

bronchoscopy

A

fiberoptic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of secretions

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77
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

placement of tube from mouth to trachea to establish an airway

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78
Q

thoracentesis procedure

A

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space

79
Q

tracheostomy procedure

A

surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck

80
Q

ABGs

A

arterial blood gases

81
Q

AFB

A

acid-fast bacillus

82
Q

ARDS

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome

83
Q

BAL

A

bronchioalveolar lavage

84
Q

Bronch

A

bronchoscopy

85
Q

CF

A

cystic fibrosis

86
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

87
Q

CPAP

A

continuous positive airway pressure

88
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

89
Q

C & S

A

culture & sensitivity training (of sputum)

90
Q

CTPA

A

computed tomography pulmonary angiography

91
Q

CXR

A

chest x-ray

92
Q

DICO

A

diffusion capacity of lung for carbon monoxide

93
Q

DOE

A

dyspnea on exertion

94
Q

DPT

A

diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus

95
Q

FEV1

A

forced expiratory volume in 1 second

96
Q

FVC

A

forced vital capacity

97
Q

LLL

A

left lower lobe (of lung)

98
Q

LUL

A

left upper lobe (of lung)

99
Q

MAC

A

mycobacterium avium

100
Q

MDI

A

metered-dose inhaler

101
Q

NSCLC

A

non-small cell lung cancer

102
Q

OSA

A

obstructive sleep apnea

103
Q

PaCO2

A

carbon dioxide partial pressure

104
Q

PaO2

A

oxygen partial pressure

105
Q

PCP

A

pneumocystis pneumonia

106
Q

PE

A

pulmonary embolism

107
Q

PEP

A

positive expiratory pressure

108
Q

PEEP

A

positive end-expiratory pressure

109
Q

PFTs

A

pulmonary function tests

110
Q

PND

A

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

111
Q

PPD

A

purified protein derivative

112
Q

RDS

A

respiratory distress syndrome

113
Q

RLL

A

right lower lobe (of lung)

114
Q

RML

A

right middle lobe

115
Q

RSV

A

respiratory syncytial virus

116
Q

RUL

A

right upper lobe (of lung)

117
Q

RV

A

residual volume

118
Q

SABA

A

short-acting beta agonist

119
Q

SCLC

A

small cell lung cancer

120
Q

TB

A

tuberculosis

121
Q

TLC

A

total lung capacity

122
Q

URI

A

upper respiratory infection

123
Q

VT

A

tidal volume

124
Q

VATS

A

video-assisted thoracic surgery

125
Q

VC

A

vital capacity

126
Q

V/Q scan

A

ventilation-perfusion scan

127
Q

bronchiectasis

A

chronic dilation of a bronchus

128
Q

anosmia

A

lack of sense of smell

129
Q

tracheal stenosis

A

narrowing of the windpipe

130
Q

orthopnea

A

breathing is easiest or possible only in an upright postion

131
Q

hypercapnia

A

excessive carbon dioxide in blood

132
Q

hemoptysis

A

spitting up blood

133
Q

hypoxia

A

deficiency of oxygen

134
Q

pyothorax or empyema

A

condition of pus in the pleural cavity

135
Q

dysphonia

A

hoarseness, voice impairment

136
Q

hemothorax

A

blood in pleural cavity

137
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed

138
Q

rales (crackles)

A

fine crackling sounds heard during inhalation when there is fluid in the alveoli

139
Q

ausculation

A

listening to sounds within the body

140
Q

sputum

A

material expelled from the respiratory tract bu deep coughing & spitting

141
Q

percussion

A

tapping on the surface to determine the underlying structure

142
Q

rhonci

A

loud rumbling sounds on auscultation of chest, bronchi obstructed by sputum

143
Q

pleural rub

A

scratching sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other (caused by inflammation or tumor cells)

144
Q

purulent

A

pus-filled

145
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

A

sudden attack of difficult breathing associated with lying down at night (caused by CHF & pulmonary edema as the lungs fill with fluid)

146
Q

expectoration

A

clearing of secretions from the throat or lungs by coughing

147
Q

stridor

A

strained, high-pitched inspirational sound

148
Q

pulmonary infarcation

A

area of dead tissue in the lung

149
Q

wheeze

A

continuous high-pitched whistling sound produced during breathing when air is forced through a narrow space, heard in asthma

150
Q

diphtheria

A

acute infectious disease of the throat caused by corynebacterium

151
Q

croup

A

acute respiratory syndrome in children & infants that is marked by obstruction of the larynx & stridor

152
Q

emphysema

A

hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls

153
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

long-term inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes, cigarette smoking is a common cause

154
Q

asthma

A

inflammatory disorder of bronchi & bronchioles, allergy is a common cause

155
Q

atelectasis

A

lung or portion of a lung has collapsed

156
Q

lung cancer

A

malignant neoplasm originating in a lung or bronchus

157
Q

pertussis

A

whooping cough

158
Q

inflilrate

A

a collection of fluid or other material within the lung seen on chest film, CT, or other radiologic study

159
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

inherited disease of exocrine glands, mucous secretions lead to airway obstruction

160
Q

asbestosis

A

type of pneumoconiosis, dust particles are inhaled

161
Q

sarcoidosis

A

inflammatory disease in which small nodules form in lungs & lymph nodes

162
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs

163
Q

purulent exudate

A

consists of white blood cells, microorganisms (dead & alive), and other debris

164
Q

restrictive lung disease

A

myasthenia gravis & muscular dystrophy are examples the neuromuscular conditions that produce the disease

165
Q

obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

A

patients with a small pharyngeal airway that closes during sleep

166
Q

pulmonary abscess

A

collection of pus in the lungs

167
Q

pulmonary edema

A

sweeping, fluid collection on the air sacs & bronchioles

168
Q

pneumoconosis

A

abnormal condition of dust in the lungs

169
Q

pneumonia

A

acute inflammation & infection of alveoli, they become filled with fluid & blood cells

170
Q

pulmonary embolism (PE)

A

floating clot or other material blocking the blood vessels of the lung

171
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

an infectious disease caused by rod-shaped bacilli & producing tubercles (nodes) of infection

172
Q

pleural effusion

A

collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

173
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of pleura

174
Q

anthracosis

A

abnormal condition of coal dust in the lungs (black lung disease)

175
Q

mesothelioma

A

malignant tumor arising in the pleura, composed of mesothelium

176
Q

adenoid hypertrophy

A

excessive growth of cells in the adenoids (lymph tissue in the nasopharynx)

177
Q

pleurodynia

A

pain of the pleura (iirtation of pleural surfaces leads to intercostal pain)

178
Q

tachypnea (hyperventilation)

A

rapid breathing

179
Q

tuberculin tests

A

tine (multiple-puncture skin test) & mantoux tests (a tool for screening for tuberculosis & for tuberculosis diagnosis)

180
Q

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

A

measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs

181
Q

bronchoalveolar lavage

A

injection of fluid into the bronchi, followed by withdrawal of the fluid for examination

182
Q

CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)

A

combination of computed-generated x-ray images & recording (with contrast) of blood flow in the lung

183
Q

tube thoracostomy

A

continuous drainage of the pleural spaces from a hest time placed through a small skin incision

184
Q

dyspnea on exertion (DOE)

A

symptom mean the patient has difficulty breathing & becomes short of breath when exercising

185
Q

video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)

A

visual examination of the chest via endoscope & video monitor

186
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

three basic steps:
1. airway opened by tilting the head
2. breathing restored by mouth-mouth breathing
3. circulation restored by external cardiac compressions

187
Q

non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

A

adenocarcinoma & squamous cell carcinoma are types

188
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

a group of symptoms resulting in acute respiratory failure

189
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

chronic bronchitis & emphysema are examples

190
Q

purified protein derivative (PPD)

A

substance used to test for TB

191
Q

diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT)

A

injection in an infant to provide immunity

192
Q

tonsillectomy

A

removal of lymph tissue in the oropharynx

193
Q

lobectomy

A

removal of a region of a lung

medical terminolgy (22 decks)

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