chapter 12 Flashcards
respiratory system
1
Q
external respiration
A
exchange of air in lung capillaries
2
Q
internal(cellular) respiration
A
exchange of gases in the cells
3
Q
respiratory structures that conduct air:
A
-nose, nasal cavities & paranasal sinuses
-pharynx, larynx & trachea
4
Q
respiratory structures that exchange gases:
A
bronchioles, alveoli & lung caillaries
5
Q
respiratory flow process:
A
nose->nasal cavities & paranasal sinuses->pharynx (adenoids & tonsils)->larynx (epiglottis)->trachea-> bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli ->lung capillaries (bloodstream)
6
Q
adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)
A
lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx
7
Q
alveolus (plural: alveoli)
A
air sac in the lung
8
Q
apex of the lung
A
tip/uppermost of the lung
9
Q
base of the lung
A
the lower portion of lung
10
Q
bronchioles
A
smallest branches in the bronchi
11
Q
bronchus (bronchial tube) (plural: bronchi)
A
the branch of the trachea (windpipe) that’s a passageway into the lung
12
Q
carbon dioxide (CO2)
A
gas produced by the body cells when oxygen & carbon atoms from food combine, exhaled through lungs
13
Q
cilia
A
thin hairs attached to mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract
14
Q
diaphragm
A
muscles separating the chest & abdomen, contract to pull air into the lungs -> relaxes to push air out
15
Q
epiglottis
A
lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, keeps food from entering the larynx & trachea during swallowing
16
Q
expiration (exhalation)
A
breathing out
17
Q
glottis
A
slit-like opening to the larynx
18
Q
hilum (of the lung)
A
midline region where bronchi, blood vessels & nerves enter and exit lungs
19
Q
inspiration (inhalation)
A
breathing in
20
Q
larynx
A
voice box, contains vocal cords
21
Q
lobe
A
division of a lung
22
Q
mediastinum
A
the region between the lungs in the chest cavity: contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus & bronchial tubes
23
Q
nares
A
opening through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities
24
Q
oxygen (O2)
A
gas that makes up 21% of air, passes into the bloodstream at the lungs & travels to all body cells
25
palatine tonsils
one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx
26
oropharynx
the part of the pharynx that lies between the soft palate and the hyoid bone
27
nasopharynx
the top part of the pharynx behind the nose above the soft palate to allows air to pass from the nose into the pharynx into the lungs
28
paranasal sinus
one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose
29
parietal pleura
outer fold of the pleura lying closer to the ribs & chest wall
30
pharynx
the throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx & laryngopharynx
31
laryngopharynx
between superior border of the epiglottis & inferior border of the cricoid cartilage that serves as a common passageway for food & air
32
pleura
double-folded membrane surrounding each lung
33
pleural cavity
space between the folds of the pleura
34
pulmonary parenchyma
essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; are the bronchioles & alveoli of lung
35
respiration (breathing)
the process of moving air into & out of the lungs
36
trachea
windpipe
37
visceral pleura
inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue
38
adenoid/o
adenoids
39
alveol/o
alveolus, air sac
40
bronch/o
bronchial tubes
41
bronchi/o
bronchus
42
bronchiol/o
bronchiole, small branches
43
capn/o
carbon dioxide
44
coni/o
dust
45
cyan/o
blue
46
epiglott/o
epiglottis
47
laryng/o
larynx, voice box
48
lob/o
lobe of the lung
49
mediastin/o
mediastinum
50
nas/o
nose
51
orth/o
straight, upright
52
ox/o
oxygen
53
pector/o
chest
54
pharyng/o
pharynx, throat
55
phon/o
voice
56
phren/o
diaphragm
57
pleur/o
pleura
58
pneum/o
air, lung, gas
59
pneumon/o
lung, air, gas
60
pulmon/o
lung
61
rhin/o
nose
62
sinus/o
sinus cavity
63
spir/o
breathing
64
tel/o
complete
65
thorac/o
chest
66
tonsill/o
tonsils
67
trache/o
trachea, windpipe
68
-emia
blood condition
69
-osmia
smell
70
-pnea
breathing
71
-ptysis
spitting
72
-sphyxia
pulse
73
-thorax
pleural cavity, chest
74
pneumothorax
air gathers in the pleural cavity
75
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
inhalation of radioactive gas for imaging, followed by injection of different radioactive material for imaging
76
bronchoscopy
fiberoptic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of secretions
77
endotracheal intubation
placement of tube from mouth to trachea to establish an airway
78
thoracentesis procedure
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space
79
tracheostomy procedure
surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
80
ABGs
arterial blood gases
81
AFB
acid-fast bacillus
82
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
83
BAL
bronchioalveolar lavage
84
Bronch
bronchoscopy
85
CF
cystic fibrosis
86
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
87
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
88
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
89
C & S
culture & sensitivity training (of sputum)
90
CTPA
computed tomography pulmonary angiography
91
CXR
chest x-ray
92
DICO
diffusion capacity of lung for carbon monoxide
93
DOE
dyspnea on exertion
94
DPT
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
95
FEV1
forced expiratory volume in 1 second
96
FVC
forced vital capacity
97
LLL
left lower lobe (of lung)
98
LUL
left upper lobe (of lung)
99
MAC
mycobacterium avium
100
MDI
metered-dose inhaler
101
NSCLC
non-small cell lung cancer
102
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
103
PaCO2
carbon dioxide partial pressure
104
PaO2
oxygen partial pressure
105
PCP
pneumocystis pneumonia
106
PE
pulmonary embolism
107
PEP
positive expiratory pressure
108
PEEP
positive end-expiratory pressure
109
PFTs
pulmonary function tests
110
PND
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
111
PPD
purified protein derivative
112
RDS
respiratory distress syndrome
113
RLL
right lower lobe (of lung)
114
RML
right middle lobe
115
RSV
respiratory syncytial virus
116
RUL
right upper lobe (of lung)
117
RV
residual volume
118
SABA
short-acting beta agonist
119
SCLC
small cell lung cancer
120
TB
tuberculosis
121
TLC
total lung capacity
122
URI
upper respiratory infection
123
VT
tidal volume
124
VATS
video-assisted thoracic surgery
125
VC
vital capacity
126
V/Q scan
ventilation-perfusion scan
127
bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of a bronchus
128
anosmia
lack of sense of smell
129
tracheal stenosis
narrowing of the windpipe
130
orthopnea
breathing is easiest or possible only in an upright postion
131
hypercapnia
excessive carbon dioxide in blood
132
hemoptysis
spitting up blood
133
hypoxia
deficiency of oxygen
134
pyothorax or empyema
condition of pus in the pleural cavity
135
dysphonia
hoarseness, voice impairment
136
hemothorax
blood in pleural cavity
137
epistaxis
nosebleed
138
rales (crackles)
fine crackling sounds heard during inhalation when there is fluid in the alveoli
139
ausculation
listening to sounds within the body
140
sputum
material expelled from the respiratory tract bu deep coughing & spitting
141
percussion
tapping on the surface to determine the underlying structure
142
rhonci
loud rumbling sounds on auscultation of chest, bronchi obstructed by sputum
143
pleural rub
scratching sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other (caused by inflammation or tumor cells)
144
purulent
pus-filled
145
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
sudden attack of difficult breathing associated with lying down at night (caused by CHF & pulmonary edema as the lungs fill with fluid)
146
expectoration
clearing of secretions from the throat or lungs by coughing
147
stridor
strained, high-pitched inspirational sound
148
pulmonary infarcation
area of dead tissue in the lung
149
wheeze
continuous high-pitched whistling sound produced during breathing when air is forced through a narrow space, heard in asthma
150
diphtheria
acute infectious disease of the throat caused by corynebacterium
151
croup
acute respiratory syndrome in children & infants that is marked by obstruction of the larynx & stridor
152
emphysema
hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
153
chronic bronchitis
long-term inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes, cigarette smoking is a common cause
154
asthma
inflammatory disorder of bronchi & bronchioles, allergy is a common cause
155
atelectasis
lung or portion of a lung has collapsed
156
lung cancer
malignant neoplasm originating in a lung or bronchus
157
pertussis
whooping cough
158
inflilrate
a collection of fluid or other material within the lung seen on chest film, CT, or other radiologic study
159
cystic fibrosis (CF)
inherited disease of exocrine glands, mucous secretions lead to airway obstruction
160
asbestosis
type of pneumoconiosis, dust particles are inhaled
161
sarcoidosis
inflammatory disease in which small nodules form in lungs & lymph nodes
162
pulmonary fibrosis
formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
163
purulent exudate
consists of white blood cells, microorganisms (dead & alive), and other debris
164
restrictive lung disease
myasthenia gravis & muscular dystrophy are examples the neuromuscular conditions that produce the disease
165
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
patients with a small pharyngeal airway that closes during sleep
166
pulmonary abscess
collection of pus in the lungs
167
pulmonary edema
sweeping, fluid collection on the air sacs & bronchioles
168
pneumoconosis
abnormal condition of dust in the lungs
169
pneumonia
acute inflammation & infection of alveoli, they become filled with fluid & blood cells
170
pulmonary embolism (PE)
floating clot or other material blocking the blood vessels of the lung
171
tuberculosis (TB)
an infectious disease caused by rod-shaped bacilli & producing tubercles (nodes) of infection
172
pleural effusion
collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
173
pleurisy
inflammation of pleura
174
anthracosis
abnormal condition of coal dust in the lungs (black lung disease)
175
mesothelioma
malignant tumor arising in the pleura, composed of mesothelium
176
adenoid hypertrophy
excessive growth of cells in the adenoids (lymph tissue in the nasopharynx)
177
pleurodynia
pain of the pleura (iirtation of pleural surfaces leads to intercostal pain)
178
tachypnea (hyperventilation)
rapid breathing
179
tuberculin tests
tine (multiple-puncture skin test) & mantoux tests (a tool for screening for tuberculosis & for tuberculosis diagnosis)
180
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs
181
bronchoalveolar lavage
injection of fluid into the bronchi, followed by withdrawal of the fluid for examination
182
CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
combination of computed-generated x-ray images & recording (with contrast) of blood flow in the lung
183
tube thoracostomy
continuous drainage of the pleural spaces from a hest time placed through a small skin incision
184
dyspnea on exertion (DOE)
symptom mean the patient has difficulty breathing & becomes short of breath when exercising
185
video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)
visual examination of the chest via endoscope & video monitor
186
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
three basic steps:
1. airway opened by tilting the head
2. breathing restored by mouth-mouth breathing
3. circulation restored by external cardiac compressions
187
non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
adenocarcinoma & squamous cell carcinoma are types
188
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
a group of symptoms resulting in acute respiratory failure
189
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
chronic bronchitis & emphysema are examples
190
purified protein derivative (PPD)
substance used to test for TB
191
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT)
injection in an infant to provide immunity
192
tonsillectomy
removal of lymph tissue in the oropharynx
193
lobectomy
removal of a region of a lung
