chapter 19 Flashcards
cancer medicine (oncology)
1
Q
-suppression
A
to stop
2
Q
-blastoma
A
immature tumor
3
Q
-genesis
A
formation
4
Q
-oma
A
mass, tumor
5
Q
-plasia & -plasm
A
formation, growth
6
Q
-therapy
A
treatment
7
Q
5-FSU
A
5-fluorouracil
8
Q
adenocarcinoma
A
cancerous (malignant) tumor of glandular tissue
9
Q
adjuvant chemotherapy
A
assessing primary treatment with drugs, this is given after surgery or radiation to attack small deposits of cancer cells undetected by diagnostic techniques
10
Q
AFP
A
alpha-fetoprotein
11
Q
alkylating agents
A
synthetic chemical containing alkyl groups that attack DNA
12
Q
alopecia
A
chemotherapy for ovarian cancer causes loss of hair on the head
13
Q
alveol/o
A
small sac
14
Q
alveolar
A
pattern resembling small, microscopic sacs
15
Q
ana-
A
backward
16
Q
anaplasia
A
loss of differentiation of cells
17
Q
angiogenesis
A
process of forming new blood vessels
18
Q
antibiotics
A
chemicals produced by bacteria or primitive plants; inhibit growth of cells
19
Q
antimetabolites
A
chemicals that prevent cell division; inhibit formation of substances needed to make DNA
20
Q
antimiotics
A
drugs that block cell division
21
Q
apo-
A
off, away
22
Q
apoptosis
A
programmed cell death
23
Q
ATRA
A
all-transretinoic
24
Q
benign tumor
A
noncancerous growth (neoplasm)
25
beta-hCG test
test for presence of a portion of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (marker for testicular cancer)
26
biological response modifiers
produced by normal cells; directly block tumor growth or stimulate immune system to fight cancer
27
biological therapy
use of the body's own defenses to destroy tumor cells
28
BMT
bone marrow transplantation
29
bone marrow biopsy
removal of bone marrow tissue for microscopic examination
30
brachy-
short (distance)
31
brachytherapy
use of radiation placed directly on or within the cancer
32
BRC
breakpoint cluster point
33
bx
biopsy
34
CA
cancer
35
CA (cancer)-125
protein marker for ovarian cancer detected in blood
36
cac/o
bad
37
cachexia
malnutrition marked by weakness & emaciation; usually associated with later stages of cancer
38
cancer
characterized by unrestrained & excessive growth of cells
39
carcin/o
cancer, cancerous
40
carcinogens
agents that cause cancer
41
carcinoma
cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin, 90% of all malignancies
42
carcinoma in situ
localized growth of cells
43
cauter/o
burn, heat
44
cauterization
burning a lesion to destroy tumor cells
45
CEA
carcinoembryonic antigen
46
CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) test
blood test for carcinoembryonic antigen (marker for GI cancer)
47
cellular oncogenes
pieces of DNA, activated by mutations or dislocation, that can cause a normal cell to become malignant
48
cGy
centigray (one hundredth of a gray or rod)
49
chem/o
chemical, drug
50
Chemo
chemotherapy
51
chemotherapy
treatment with drugs
52
combination chemotherapy
use of several chemotherapeutic agents together in treatment of tumors
53
core needle biopsy
obtaining a plug of tissue for microscopic examination
54
CR
complete response- disappearance of all tumor
55
cry/o
cold
56
cryosurgery
freezing a lesion to kill tumor cells
57
CSF
colony-stimulating factor
58
cyst/o
sac of fluid
59
cystic
tumors from large, open spaces filled with fluid; serous & mucinous tumors are examples
60
cystitis & proctitis
radiation effects on the urinary bladder & rectum
61
debulking procedure
may be used to remove as much of primary tumor as possibel
62
dedifferentiation
loss of differentiation of cells
63
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cell division & protein synthesis
64
DES
diethylstilbestrol
65
differentiating agents
drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing & dies
66
differrention
specialization of cells
67
diffuse
spreading evenly throughout the tisse
68
dysplastic
abnormal formation of cells
69
EGFR
epidermal growth factor receptor
70
electron beams
low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors
71
en bloc resection
removal of entire tumor & regional lymph nodes
72
encapsulated
surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are usually encapsulated
73
epi-
upon
74
epidermoid
resembling epithelial cells
75
EPO
erythropoietin
76
ER
estrogen receptor
77
estrogen receptor assay
test for the presence of a hormone receptor on breast cancer cells
78
excisional biopsy
removal of tumor & a margin of normal tissue for diagnosis & possible cure for small tumors
79
exenteration
wide resection involving removal of tumor, its organ of origin & surrounding tissue in the body space
80
exfoliative cytology
cells are scraped off tissue & microscopically examined
81
external beam irradiation
applying radiation to a tumor from a source outside the body
82
fibr/o
fibers
83
fibrosis
radiation in lungs causes increase in connective tissue
84
fields
dimensions of body areas undergoing irradation
85
FNA
fine needle aspiration
86
follicul/o
small glandular sacs
87
follicular
small, round, gland-type clusters
88
fractionation
giving radiation in small, repeated doses
89
fulguration
destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current
90
fung/i
fungus, mushroom
91
fungating
mushroom pattern of growth; tumor cells pile on top of each other
92
Ga
gallium
93
genetic screening
testing family members to determine if they have inherited a cancer-causing gene
94
GIST
gastrointestinal stromal tumor
95
grading tumors
evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells
96
gray (Gy)
unit of absorbed radiation dose
97
gross description of tumors
visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye
98
Gy
gray
99
H & E
hematoxyilin & eosin
100
HERZ-neu
growth factor gene highly activated in certain types of breast cancer
101
HNPCC
hereditary non-polposis
102
IGRT
intensity-modulated gated radiation therapy
103
IHC
immunohistochemistry
104
immunotherapy
cancer treatment using immune cells & antibodies to kill tumor cells
105
IMRT
intensity-modulated radiation therapy
106
incisional biopsy
cutting into a tumor & removing a piece to establish a diagnosis
107
infiltrative
extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues
108
inherited cancers
retinoblastoma & adenomatous polyposis coli syndrome are examples
109
invasive
having the ability to enter & destroy surrounding tissue
110
IORT
intraoperative radiation therapy
111
irradiation
exposure to only form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays
112
laparoscopy (peritoneoscopy)
visual examination of abdominal cavity
113
linear accelerator
large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors
114
malignant tumors
tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness & metastasis
115
medull/o
soft, inner part
116
medullary
tumors are large, soft & fleshy
117
mesenchymal
embryonic connective tissue
118
meta-
beyond, change
119
metastasis
spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site
120
Mets
metastasis
121
microscopic description of tumors
appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope
122
mitosis
process of the replication of cells
123
mixed-tissue tumors
tumors composed of different types of cells; differentiating into epithelial & connective tissue
124
MoAb
monoclonal antibody
125
modality
method of treatment, like surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation
126
molecularly targeted therapy
anticancer drugs desif=gnes to block the function of growth factors, their receptors & signaling pathways in specific tumor cells
127
morbidity
condition of being unwell; deficient in normal function
128
mucos/o
mucous membrane
129
mucinous
containing mucus
130
mut/a
genetic change
131
mutagen/o
causing genetic change
132
mutation
change in DNA; may be spontaneous or caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses
133
myelosuppression
bone marrow depression with leukopenia, anemia & thrombocytopenia
134
nausea
chemotherapy may cause this sensation leading to vomit
135
necr/o
death
136
necrotic
containing dead tissue
137
NED
no evidence of disease
138
neo-
new
139
neoadjuvant chemotherapy
use of drugs to reduce the size of a tumor before surgery, lessens the extent of surgery & improves outcome
140
neoplasm
new growth, benign or malignant tumors
141
neur/o
nerve
142
neurofibromatosis
tumor of fibrous supportive nerve tissue, often benign but may become malignant
143
NF
neurofibromatosis
144
NHL
non-hodgkin lymphoma
145
NSCLC
non-small cell lung cancer
146
nucleotide
unit of DNA composed of a sugar, phosphate & a base
147
onc/o
tumor
148
oncogene
region of DNA in tumor cells or in viruses that cause cancer
149
oral mucositis
inflammation & ulceration of lining cells in the mouth caused by radiation to the jaw
150
osteoma
tumor of bone (benign)
151
osteosarcoma
flesh (connective tissue) tumor of bone (malignant)
152
palliative
relieving, but not curing symptoms
153
Pap smear
papanicolaou smear
154
papill/o
nipple-like
155
papillary
small nipple-like projections
156
PD
progressive disease-tumor increases in size
157
photon therapy
radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gamma rays
158
plas/o
formation
159
ple/o
many, more
160
pleomorphic
variety of cell types
161
pneumonitis
radiation to the lungs causes inflammation of the lungs
162
polypoid
growths are projections from a base; sessile & pedunculate tumors are examples
163
polyp/o
polyp
164
PR
partial response-tumor on half it's original size
165
Prot
protocol
166
prot/o
first
167
protocol
detailed plam for treatment of an illness
168
proton therapy
use of protons produced by a cyclotron to deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body
169
PSA
prostate-specific antigen
170
PSA (prostate-specific antigen) test
blood test for the presence of an antigen related to prostate cancer
171
PSCT
peripheral stem cell transplantation
172
PSRS
proton stereotactic radiosurgery
173
radi/o
rays
174
radiation
energy carries by a stream of particles
175
radiocurable tumor
tumor that's destroyed by radiation therapy
176
radioresistant tumor
tumor that requires large doses of radiation to be destroyed
177
radiosensitive tumor
tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue
178
radiosensitizers
drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays
179
radiotherapy
treatment of tumors using does of radiation
180
relapse
recurrence of tumor after treatment
181
remission
partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease
182
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
cellular substance that represents a copy of DNA; directs formation of new proteins inside cells
183
RT & XRT
radiation therapy
184
sarc/o
flesh
185
sarcoma
cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue, 5% of all malignancies
186
scirrh/o
hard
187
scirrhous
densely packed; containing fibrous tissue
188
SD
stable disease-tumor doesn't shrink or grow
189
secondary tumors
new type of growths in separate sites from primary tumor
190
serous
having the appearance of a thin, watery fluid
191
sessile
fixed in one place; immobile
192
simulation
study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment before RT is given
193
solid tumor
tumor composed of a mass of cells
194
staging tumors
system if evaluating the extent of spread of tumors
195
stem cell transplant
an intravenous infusion of blood-forming cells
196
stereotactic radiosurgery
delivery of dose of radiation under stereotactic guidance
197
steroids
complex, naturally occurring chemicals derived from cholesterol
198
surgical procedures to treat cancer
methods of removing cancerous tissue
199
tele-
far
200
TNM
tumor, nodes, metasases
201
ulcerating
characterized by large, open, exposed surfaces
202
VEGF
vascular endothelial growth factor
203
verrucous
tumors resemble wart-like growths
204
viral oncogenes
pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell & cause it to become malignant
205
virus
infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell & using the host's genetic material to copy itself
206
xer/o
dry
207
xerostomia
radiation of salivary glands causes dryness of the mouth
208
adenoma
tumor of glandular tissue (benign)
