chapter 11 Flashcards
cardiovascular system
1
Q
cardiovascular system
A
delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells of body tissues
2
Q
anatomical structures of the heart
A
-superior & inferior vena cavas
-right & left atriums
-tricuspid, aortic, mitral & pulmoary valves
-right & left ventricles
-pulmonary arteries
-pilmonary veins
-aorta
3
Q
aortic valve
A
between the left atrium and aorta
4
Q
what are the two phases of the heartbeat?
A
diastole & systole
5
Q
the diastole-systole cardiac cycle
A
-occurs between 70 to 80 times per min (100,000 times per day)
-the heart pumps 3 ounces of blood with each contraction, about 5 quarts are pumped per min (75 gallons an hour & 2000 gallons a day)
6
Q
heart sounds
A
closure of valves associated with sounds “lubb-dubb, lubb-dubb”
7
Q
lubb (heart sound)
A
closure of the tricuspid valve & mitral valve at the beginning of systole
8
Q
dubb (heart sound)
A
closure of the aortic & pulmonary valves at the end of systole
9
Q
P wave (electrocardiogram)
A
spread of excitation wave over the atria just before a contraction
10
Q
QRS wave (electrocardiogram)
A
spread of excitation over the ventricles as they contract
11
Q
T wave (electrocardiogram)
A
electrical recovery and relaxation of relaxation
12
Q
blood pressure
A
-the force that blood exerts on arterial walls
-expressed as a fraction: systolic pressure/diastolic pressure
13
Q
aorta
A
the main vessel through which oxygen-rich blood travels from the heart to the rest of the body while delivering nutrients and hormones, largest artery on the body
14
Q
apex of the heart
A
lower tip of the heart body
15
Q
arteriole
A
a small artery
16
Q
artery
A
largest type of blood vessels, carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body
17
Q
atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
A
specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them
18
Q
atrioventricular node (AV node)
A
specialized tissue in the wall between atria, electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker through AV node and bundle of His toward the ventricles
19
Q
atrium (plural: atria)
A
one of two upper chambers of the heart
20
Q
capillary
A
smallest blood vessel, form the point of exchange for oxygen & nutrients into the body cells and waste products coming from the body cells
21
Q
carbon dioxide (CO2)
A
waste gas released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart then lungs for exhalation
22
Q
coronary arteries
A
blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle
23
Q
deoxygenated blood
A
oxygen-poor blood
24
Q
diastole
A
relaxation phase of the heartbeat
25
electrocardiogram
record of the electricity flowing through the heart
26
endocardium
inner lining of the heart
27
endothelium
inner most lining of blood vessels
28
mitral valve(bicuspid valve)
valve between the left atrium and left ventricle, has 2 leaflets or cusps
29
murmur
abnormal swishing/improper sound caused by improper closure of heart valves
30
myocardium
muscular middle layer of the heart
31
normal sinus rhythm
heart rhythm originating on sinoatrial node with resting rate of 60-100bpm
32
oxygen
gas carried by the blood from the lungs to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells
33
pacemaker (sinoatrial node)
specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat
34
pericardium
double-layer membrane surrounding the heart
35
pulmonary artery
artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs
36
pulmonary circulation
flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
37
pulmonary valve
valve positioned between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
38
pulmonary vein
carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
39
pulse
the beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries
40
septum (plural:septa)
a partition/wall dividing between the right & left atria and right & left ventricles
41
sionartial node (SA node)
the pacemaker of the heart
42
sphymnomonoteter
an instrument used to measure blood pressure
43
systemic circulation
flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and back
44
systole
the contraction phase of the heartbeat
45
tricuspid valve
located between the right atrium and right ventricle, has 3 leaflets or cusps
46
valve
a structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so blood only flows in one direction
47
vein
a thin-walled vessel that carries blood from the body tissues and lungs back to the heart, contains valves to prevent the backflow of blood
48
vena cava(plural: venae cavae)
largest vein in the body, superior & inferior venae cavae return the blood to the right atrium of the heart
49
ventricle
one of two lower chamber of the heart
50
venule
small vein
51
angio/o
vessel
52
aort/o
aorta
53
arter/o & arteri/o
artery
54
ather/o
yellowish plaque
55
atri/o
atrium
56
brachi/o
arm
57
cardi/o & coron/o
heart
58
cholesterol/o
cholesterol
59
cyan/o
blue
60
myx/o
mucus
61
ox/o
oxygen
62
pericardi/o
pericardium
63
phleb/o
vein
64
sphygm/o
pulse
65
steth/o
chest
66
thromb/o
clot
67
valvul/o & valv/o
valve
68
vas/o & vascul/o
vessel
69
ven/o & ven/i
vein
70
ventricul/o
ventricle
71
coronary bypass graft (CABG graft) procedure
1. a section of a vein is removed from the leg and anastomosed to a coronary artery to bypass an area of arteriosclerotic blockage
2. an internal mammary artery is grafted to a coronary artery by bypass blockage
72
AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm
73
ACE inhibitor
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
74
ACLS
advance cardiac life support
75
ACS
acute coronary syndrome
76
ADP
adenosine syndrome
77
AED
automatic external defibrillator
78
AICD
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibillator
79
AMI
acute myocardial infarcation
80
ARVD
arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
81
ARB
angiotensin II receptor blocker
82
AS
aortic stenosis
83
ASD
atrial septal defect
84
AV, A-V
atrioventricular
85
AVR
aortic valve replacement
86
BBB
bundle branch block
87
BNP
brain natriuretic peptide
88
BP
blood pressure
89
CABG
coronary artery bypass grafting
90
CAD
coronary artery disease
91
CCU
coronary care unit
92
Cath
catheriztion
93
CHF
congestive heart failure
94
CoA
coarctation of the aorta
95
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
96
CRT
cardiac resynchronization therapy
97
CTNI or cTnI/CTNT or cTnT
cardiac troponin-1 & cardiac troponin-T
98
DES
drug-eluting stent
99
DSA
digital subtraction angiography
100
DUT
deep vein thrombosis
101
ECMO
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
102
ECG/EKG
electrocardiography
103
ECHO
echocardiography
104
EF
ejection fraction
105
EPS
electrophysiology study
106
ETT
exercise tolerance test
107
ETT-MIBI
exercise tolerance test combined with a radioactive tracer (sestamibi) scan
108
EVAR
endovascular aneurysm repair
109
FFR
fractional flow reserve
110
HDL
high-density lipoprotein
111
hsCRP
high sensitivity C-reactive protein
112
HTN
hypertension (high blood tension)
113
IABP
intra-aortic balloon pump
114
ICD
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
115
IVUS
intravascular ultrasound
116
LAD
left anterior descending (coronary artery)
117
LDL
low-density lipoprotein
118
LMWH
low-molecular-weight heparin
119
LV
left ventricle
120
LVAD
left ventricular assist device
121
LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
122
MI
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
123
MUGA
multiple-gated acquisition scan
124
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
125
NSR
normal sinus rhythm
126
NSTEMI
non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
127
NT-proBNP
N-terminal pro-peptide
128
PAC
premature atrial contaction
129
PCI
percutaneous coronary intervention
130
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus, posterior descending artery
131
PE
pulmonary embolus
132
PVC
premature ventricular contraction
133
SA, S-A node
sinoatrial node
134
SCD
sudden cardiac death
135
SOB
shortness of breath
136
SPECT
single photon emission computed tomography
137
STEMI
ST-elevation myocardial infarction
138
SVT
superventricular tachycardia
139
TAVR
transcatheter aortic valve replacement
140
TEE
transesophageal echocardiography
141
TEVAR
thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair
142
TGA
transposition of the great arteries
143
tPA
tissue-type plasminogen activator
144
UA
unstable angina
145
VF
ventricular fibrillation
146
VSD
ventricular septal defect
147
VT
ventricular tachycardia
148
WPW
wolff-parkinson-white syndrome
149
aneurysm/o
anerusysm
150
axill/o
armpit
151
isch/o
to hold back
152
my/o
muscle
153
pulmon/o
long
154
rrhythm/o
rhythm
155
-constriction
narrowing
156
-dilation
widening, stretching, expanding
157
-meter
measue
158
-osis
condition (abnormal)
159
-sclerosis
hardeneing
160
-stenosis
tightening structure
161
de-
lack of, down, less, removal of
162
inter-
between
163
peri-
surrounding
164
tetra-
4
165
tri-
3
166
pathway of blood through the heart
right atrium->tricuspid valve
->right ventricle->pulmonary valve->pulmonary artery->capillaries of lung
->pulmonary veins->left atrium->mitral valve->left ventricle->aortic valve ->aorta
167
interatrial septum
the wall of the heart between the right and left atria
168
visceral pericardium(outer lining is parietal pericardium)
the inner lining of the pericardium, closely enveloping the heart
169
cardiomyopathy
disease condition of the heart muscle
170
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin owing to deficient oxygen in the blood
171
arterial anastomosis
new connection between arteries
172
cardiogenic shock
circulatory failure due to poor heart function
173
atheroma
mass of yellowish plaque (fatty substance)
174
arrhythmia
abnormal heart rhythm
175
stethocope
instrument to listen to sounds within the chest
176
atherosclerosis
hardening of arteries with a yellowish, fatty substance (plaque)
177
flutter
rapid but regular atria; or ventricular contraction
178
mitral valve prolapse
improper closure of the valve between the left atrium and ventricle during systole
179
atrial septal defect
a small hole between the upper heart chambers, congenital anomaly
180
coronary artery disease (CAD)
blockage of the arteries surrounding the heart leading to ischemia
181
fibrillation
rapid, random, ineffectual & irregular contraction of the heart
182
congestive heart failure (CHF)
inability of the heart to pump its required amount of blood
183
coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
congenital narrowing of the artery leading from the heart
184
teratology of Fallot
congenital malformation involving 4 separate heart defects:
1. pulmonary artery stenosis
2. ventricular septal defect
3. shift of the aorta to the right
4. hypertrophy of the right ventricle
185
patent ductus arteriosus (PAD)
duct between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which normally closes soon after birth
186
heart block
failure of proper conduction of impulses through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle
187
cardiac arrest
sudden unexpected stoppage of heart action
188
palpitations
uncomfortable sensation in the chest associated with arrhythmias
189
artificial cardiac pacemaker
battery-operated device that's placed in the chest and wired to send electrical current to the heart to establish a normal sinus rhythm
190
angina
chest pain resulting from insufficient oxygen being supplied to the heart muscle (ischemia)
191
myocardial infarction (MI)
area of necrosis(tissue death in heart muscle), heart attack
192
infarcation
damage or death of tissue due to deprivation of oxygen
193
nitroglycerin
nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina
194
digoxin
drug that treats arrhythmias & strengthens the heartbeat
195
bruit
abnormal sound (murmur) heard on auscultation
196
thrill
vibration felt on palpation of the chest
197
acute coronary syndromes (ACS)
consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries, MI & unstable angina
198
pericardial friction rub
scraping or grafting noise on auscultation of heart, indicated pericarditis
199
biventricular pacemaker
device enabling ventricles to beat in synchrony, cardiac resynchronization therapy
200
vegetations
lesions that form on heart va;ves after damage by infection
201
emboli
clots that travel to & suddenly block a blood vessels
202
petechiae
small, pinpoint hemorrhages
203
ausculation
listening with a stethoscope
204
rheumatic heart disease
heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
205
Raynaud disease
episodes of pallor, numbness, and cyanosis in fingers & toes caused by a temporary constriction of arterioles
206
aneurysm
local widening of an artery
207
claudication
pain, tension & weakness in a limb after walking has began
208
peripheral arteria disease
blockage of arteries in the lower extremities, etiology is atherosclerosis
209
types of drugs used to treat acute coronary syndromes
-beta-blockers
-ACE inhibitors
-statins
-asprin
-calcium channel blockers
210
varicose veins
when damaged valves in veins fail to prevent the backflow of blood, swollen/twisted vein
211
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted veins in the rectal region
212
ventricular septal defect
a gap in the wall between the ventricles
213
defibrillation
application of brief electrical discharges across the chest to stop ventricular fibrillation & pulseless ventricular tachycardia
214
lipid tests (profile)
measurement of levels of fatty substances (cholesterol & triglycerides) in the bloodstream
215
stress test
measurement of the hearts response to physical exertion (patient monitored while jogging on a treadmill)
216
cardiac biomarkers
measurement of troponin-T & troponin-I after myocardial infarction
217
angiography (arteriography)
injection of contrast into vessels & x-ray imaging
218
thallium 201 scan
intravenous injection of a radioactive substance & measurement of it's accumulation in heart muscle
219
lipoprotein electrophoresis
separation of HDL & LDL from a blood sample
220
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
video equipment & a computer produce x-ray pictures of blood vessels by taking 2 pictures(with and without contrast) and subtracting the 1st image(without contrast) from the second
221
Doppler ultrasound
an instrument that focuses sound waves on a blood vessel to measure blood flow
222
holter monitoring
compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrthythmias
223
thrombolytic therapy
treatment with drugs to dissolve clots after a heart attack
224
extracorporeal circulation
heart-lung machine is used to divert blood from the heart & lungs during surgery, machine oxygenates the blood & sends it back to bloodstream
225
cardiac catherization
a catheter is inserted into an artery or vein and threaded into the chamber hearts where contrast can be injected to rake a x-ray pictures, patterns of blood flow can be detected & blood pressure can be measured
226
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCT)
a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery stents are put in place
227
drug-eluting stent
stents are expandable slotted tubes that are placed in the arteries during PCT that release polymers that prevent plaque from refroming
228
electron beam computed tomography
electron beams & CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose CAD
229
CT angiography
x-ray images of the heart & coronary arteries obtained using CT technology
230
cTnI or cTnT test
cardiac serum enzyme test for myocardial infarcation
231
LVAD procedure
booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a cannula leading to the heart as a "bridge to transplant"
232
TEE procedure
ultrasound imaging of the heart using transducer within the esophagus
233
ICD procedure
device implanted in the chest that senses & corrects arrhythmias by shocking the heart
234
235
radio frequency catheter ablation (RFA)
catheter delivery of a high-frequency current to damage a small portion of the heart muscle & reverse an abnormal heart rhythm
236
ETT procedure
procedure to determine the heart's response to physical exertion
237
ETT-MIBI procedure
radioactive test of heart function with stress test
238
CRT procedure
biventricular pacing to correct serious abnormal ventricular rhythms
239
LDL procedure
lipoprotein sample is measured
240
BNP test
brain chemical measure to identify patients at risk for complications after MI & with CHF
241
aneurysmorrhahpy
suture (repair) of a ballooned-out portion of an artery
