chapter 11 Flashcards
cardiovascular system
cardiovascular system
delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells of body tissues
anatomical structures of the heart
-superior & inferior vena cavas
-right & left atriums
-tricuspid, aortic, mitral & pulmoary valves
-right & left ventricles
-pulmonary arteries
-pilmonary veins
-aorta
aortic valve
between the left atrium and aorta
what are the two phases of the heartbeat?
diastole & systole
the diastole-systole cardiac cycle
-occurs between 70 to 80 times per min (100,000 times per day)
-the heart pumps 3 ounces of blood with each contraction, about 5 quarts are pumped per min (75 gallons an hour & 2000 gallons a day)
heart sounds
closure of valves associated with sounds “lubb-dubb, lubb-dubb”
lubb (heart sound)
closure of the tricuspid valve & mitral valve at the beginning of systole
dubb (heart sound)
closure of the aortic & pulmonary valves at the end of systole
P wave (electrocardiogram)
spread of excitation wave over the atria just before a contraction
QRS wave (electrocardiogram)
spread of excitation over the ventricles as they contract
T wave (electrocardiogram)
electrical recovery and relaxation of relaxation
blood pressure
-the force that blood exerts on arterial walls
-expressed as a fraction: systolic pressure/diastolic pressure
aorta
the main vessel through which oxygen-rich blood travels from the heart to the rest of the body while delivering nutrients and hormones, largest artery on the body
apex of the heart
lower tip of the heart body
arteriole
a small artery
artery
largest type of blood vessels, carry blood away from the heart to all parts of the body
atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them
atrioventricular node (AV node)
specialized tissue in the wall between atria, electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker through AV node and bundle of His toward the ventricles
atrium (plural: atria)
one of two upper chambers of the heart
capillary
smallest blood vessel, form the point of exchange for oxygen & nutrients into the body cells and waste products coming from the body cells
carbon dioxide (CO2)
waste gas released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart then lungs for exhalation
coronary arteries
blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle
deoxygenated blood
oxygen-poor blood
diastole
relaxation phase of the heartbeat
electrocardiogram
record of the electricity flowing through the heart
endocardium
inner lining of the heart
endothelium
inner most lining of blood vessels
mitral valve(bicuspid valve)
valve between the left atrium and left ventricle, has 2 leaflets or cusps
murmur
abnormal swishing/improper sound caused by improper closure of heart valves
myocardium
muscular middle layer of the heart
normal sinus rhythm
heart rhythm originating on sinoatrial node with resting rate of 60-100bpm
oxygen
gas carried by the blood from the lungs to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells
pacemaker (sinoatrial node)
specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat
pericardium
double-layer membrane surrounding the heart
pulmonary artery
artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary circulation
flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
pulmonary valve
valve positioned between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
pulse
the beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries
septum (plural:septa)
a partition/wall dividing between the right & left atria and right & left ventricles
sionartial node (SA node)
the pacemaker of the heart
sphymnomonoteter
an instrument used to measure blood pressure
systemic circulation
flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and back
systole
the contraction phase of the heartbeat
tricuspid valve
located between the right atrium and right ventricle, has 3 leaflets or cusps
valve
a structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so blood only flows in one direction
vein
a thin-walled vessel that carries blood from the body tissues and lungs back to the heart, contains valves to prevent the backflow of blood
vena cava(plural: venae cavae)
largest vein in the body, superior & inferior venae cavae return the blood to the right atrium of the heart
ventricle
one of two lower chamber of the heart
venule
small vein
angio/o
vessel
aort/o
aorta
arter/o & arteri/o
artery
ather/o
yellowish plaque
atri/o
atrium
brachi/o
arm
cardi/o & coron/o
heart
cholesterol/o
cholesterol
cyan/o
blue
myx/o
mucus
ox/o
oxygen
pericardi/o
pericardium
phleb/o
vein
sphygm/o
pulse
steth/o
chest
thromb/o
clot
valvul/o & valv/o
valve
vas/o & vascul/o
vessel
ven/o & ven/i
vein
ventricul/o
ventricle
coronary bypass graft (CABG graft) procedure
- a section of a vein is removed from the leg and anastomosed to a coronary artery to bypass an area of arteriosclerotic blockage
- an internal mammary artery is grafted to a coronary artery by bypass blockage
AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm
ACE inhibitor
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
ACLS
advance cardiac life support
ACS
acute coronary syndrome
ADP
adenosine syndrome
AED
automatic external defibrillator
AICD
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibillator
AMI
acute myocardial infarcation
ARVD
arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
ARB
angiotensin II receptor blocker
AS
aortic stenosis
ASD
atrial septal defect
AV, A-V
atrioventricular
AVR
aortic valve replacement
BBB
bundle branch block
BNP
brain natriuretic peptide
BP
blood pressure
CABG
coronary artery bypass grafting
CAD
coronary artery disease
CCU
coronary care unit
Cath
catheriztion
CHF
congestive heart failure
CoA
coarctation of the aorta
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CRT
cardiac resynchronization therapy
CTNI or cTnI/CTNT or cTnT
cardiac troponin-1 & cardiac troponin-T
DES
drug-eluting stent
DSA
digital subtraction angiography
DUT
deep vein thrombosis
ECMO
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
ECG/EKG
electrocardiography
ECHO
echocardiography
EF
ejection fraction
EPS
electrophysiology study
ETT
exercise tolerance test
ETT-MIBI
exercise tolerance test combined with a radioactive tracer (sestamibi) scan
EVAR
endovascular aneurysm repair
FFR
fractional flow reserve
HDL
high-density lipoprotein
hsCRP
high sensitivity C-reactive protein
HTN
hypertension (high blood tension)
IABP
intra-aortic balloon pump
ICD
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
IVUS
intravascular ultrasound
LAD
left anterior descending (coronary artery)
LDL
low-density lipoprotein
LMWH
low-molecular-weight heparin
LV
left ventricle
LVAD
left ventricular assist device
LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
MI
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
MUGA
multiple-gated acquisition scan
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
NSR
normal sinus rhythm
NSTEMI
non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
NT-proBNP
N-terminal pro-peptide
PAC
premature atrial contaction
PCI
percutaneous coronary intervention
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus, posterior descending artery
PE
pulmonary embolus
PVC
premature ventricular contraction
SA, S-A node
sinoatrial node
SCD
sudden cardiac death
SOB
shortness of breath
SPECT
single photon emission computed tomography
STEMI
ST-elevation myocardial infarction
SVT
superventricular tachycardia
TAVR
transcatheter aortic valve replacement
TEE
transesophageal echocardiography
TEVAR
thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair
TGA
transposition of the great arteries
tPA
tissue-type plasminogen activator
UA
unstable angina
VF
ventricular fibrillation
VSD
ventricular septal defect
VT
ventricular tachycardia
WPW
wolff-parkinson-white syndrome
aneurysm/o
anerusysm
axill/o
armpit
isch/o
to hold back
my/o
muscle
pulmon/o
long
rrhythm/o
rhythm
-constriction
narrowing
-dilation
widening, stretching, expanding
-meter
measue
-osis
condition (abnormal)
-sclerosis
hardeneing
-stenosis
tightening structure
de-
lack of, down, less, removal of
inter-
between
peri-
surrounding
tetra-
4
tri-
3
pathway of blood through the heart
right atrium->tricuspid valve
->right ventricle->pulmonary valve->pulmonary artery->capillaries of lung
->pulmonary veins->left atrium->mitral valve->left ventricle->aortic valve ->aorta
interatrial septum
the wall of the heart between the right and left atria
visceral pericardium(outer lining is parietal pericardium)
the inner lining of the pericardium, closely enveloping the heart
cardiomyopathy
disease condition of the heart muscle
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin owing to deficient oxygen in the blood
arterial anastomosis
new connection between arteries
cardiogenic shock
circulatory failure due to poor heart function
atheroma
mass of yellowish plaque (fatty substance)
arrhythmia
abnormal heart rhythm
stethocope
instrument to listen to sounds within the chest
atherosclerosis
hardening of arteries with a yellowish, fatty substance (plaque)
flutter
rapid but regular atria; or ventricular contraction
mitral valve prolapse
improper closure of the valve between the left atrium and ventricle during systole
atrial septal defect
a small hole between the upper heart chambers, congenital anomaly
coronary artery disease (CAD)
blockage of the arteries surrounding the heart leading to ischemia
fibrillation
rapid, random, ineffectual & irregular contraction of the heart
congestive heart failure (CHF)
inability of the heart to pump its required amount of blood
coarctation of the aorta (CoA)
congenital narrowing of the artery leading from the heart
teratology of Fallot
congenital malformation involving 4 separate heart defects:
1. pulmonary artery stenosis
2. ventricular septal defect
3. shift of the aorta to the right
4. hypertrophy of the right ventricle
patent ductus arteriosus (PAD)
duct between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which normally closes soon after birth
heart block
failure of proper conduction of impulses through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle
cardiac arrest
sudden unexpected stoppage of heart action
palpitations
uncomfortable sensation in the chest associated with arrhythmias
artificial cardiac pacemaker
battery-operated device that’s placed in the chest and wired to send electrical current to the heart to establish a normal sinus rhythm
angina
chest pain resulting from insufficient oxygen being supplied to the heart muscle (ischemia)
myocardial infarction (MI)
area of necrosis(tissue death in heart muscle), heart attack
infarcation
damage or death of tissue due to deprivation of oxygen
nitroglycerin
nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina
digoxin
drug that treats arrhythmias & strengthens the heartbeat
bruit
abnormal sound (murmur) heard on auscultation
thrill
vibration felt on palpation of the chest
acute coronary syndromes (ACS)
consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries, MI & unstable angina
pericardial friction rub
scraping or grafting noise on auscultation of heart, indicated pericarditis
biventricular pacemaker
device enabling ventricles to beat in synchrony, cardiac resynchronization therapy
vegetations
lesions that form on heart va;ves after damage by infection
emboli
clots that travel to & suddenly block a blood vessels
petechiae
small, pinpoint hemorrhages
ausculation
listening with a stethoscope
rheumatic heart disease
heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
Raynaud disease
episodes of pallor, numbness, and cyanosis in fingers & toes caused by a temporary constriction of arterioles
aneurysm
local widening of an artery
claudication
pain, tension & weakness in a limb after walking has began
peripheral arteria disease
blockage of arteries in the lower extremities, etiology is atherosclerosis
types of drugs used to treat acute coronary syndromes
-beta-blockers
-ACE inhibitors
-statins
-asprin
-calcium channel blockers
varicose veins
when damaged valves in veins fail to prevent the backflow of blood, swollen/twisted vein
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted veins in the rectal region
ventricular septal defect
a gap in the wall between the ventricles
defibrillation
application of brief electrical discharges across the chest to stop ventricular fibrillation & pulseless ventricular tachycardia
lipid tests (profile)
measurement of levels of fatty substances (cholesterol & triglycerides) in the bloodstream
stress test
measurement of the hearts response to physical exertion (patient monitored while jogging on a treadmill)
cardiac biomarkers
measurement of troponin-T & troponin-I after myocardial infarction
angiography (arteriography)
injection of contrast into vessels & x-ray imaging
thallium 201 scan
intravenous injection of a radioactive substance & measurement of it’s accumulation in heart muscle
lipoprotein electrophoresis
separation of HDL & LDL from a blood sample
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
video equipment & a computer produce x-ray pictures of blood vessels by taking 2 pictures(with and without contrast) and subtracting the 1st image(without contrast) from the second
Doppler ultrasound
an instrument that focuses sound waves on a blood vessel to measure blood flow
holter monitoring
compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrthythmias
thrombolytic therapy
treatment with drugs to dissolve clots after a heart attack
extracorporeal circulation
heart-lung machine is used to divert blood from the heart & lungs during surgery, machine oxygenates the blood & sends it back to bloodstream
cardiac catherization
a catheter is inserted into an artery or vein and threaded into the chamber hearts where contrast can be injected to rake a x-ray pictures, patterns of blood flow can be detected & blood pressure can be measured
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCT)
a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery stents are put in place
drug-eluting stent
stents are expandable slotted tubes that are placed in the arteries during PCT that release polymers that prevent plaque from refroming
electron beam computed tomography
electron beams & CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose CAD
CT angiography
x-ray images of the heart & coronary arteries obtained using CT technology
cTnI or cTnT test
cardiac serum enzyme test for myocardial infarcation
LVAD procedure
booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a cannula leading to the heart as a “bridge to transplant”
TEE procedure
ultrasound imaging of the heart using transducer within the esophagus
ICD procedure
device implanted in the chest that senses & corrects arrhythmias by shocking the heart
radio frequency catheter ablation (RFA)
catheter delivery of a high-frequency current to damage a small portion of the heart muscle & reverse an abnormal heart rhythm
ETT procedure
procedure to determine the heart’s response to physical exertion
ETT-MIBI procedure
radioactive test of heart function with stress test
CRT procedure
biventricular pacing to correct serious abnormal ventricular rhythms
LDL procedure
lipoprotein sample is measured
BNP test
brain chemical measure to identify patients at risk for complications after MI & with CHF
aneurysmorrhahpy
suture (repair) of a ballooned-out portion of an artery
