chapter 10 Flashcards
nervous system
1
Q
nervous system
A
-complex: 100 billion nerve cells
-voluntary & involuntary functions
-carries electrical messages
-external & internal receptor
2
Q
nerve cells (neurons)
A
-microscopic
-collected in macroscopic nerves
-carry electrical messages all over the body
3
Q
two major divisions of the nervous system
A
central nervous system (CNS) & peripheral nervous system (PNS)
4
Q
mixed nerves
A
carry both sensory & motor fibers
5
Q
terminal end fibers
A
secrete neurotransmitters
6
Q
anatomical parts of a neuron:
A
-dendrites, cell body, cell nucleus & synapse
-axon, myelin sheath & terminal end fibers
7
Q
anatomical structures of the brain:
A
-frontal & temporal lobe, sulci, gyri,
-parietal lobe, occipital lobe, wenicke area, broca area
8
Q
meninges contain:
A
-dura & pia mater
-subdural & subarachnoid space
-arachnoid membrane
9
Q
acetylcholine
A
neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells
10
Q
afferent nerve
A
carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord
11
Q
arachnoid memebrane
A
middle layer of the three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
12
Q
astrocyte
A
glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries
13
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
14
Q
axon
A
microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
15
Q
blood-brain barrier
A
protective separation between the blood and brain cells that keeps substances from penetrating capillary walls and entering the brain
16
Q
brainstem
A
posterior position of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord: includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
17
Q
cauda equina
A
collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
18
Q
cell body
A
part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
19
Q
central nervous system (CNS)
A
brain and spinal cord
20
Q
cerebellum
A
posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements & maintains balance
21
Q
cerebral cortex (grey matter)
A
outer region of the cerebrum, contains sheets of nerve cells
22
Q
cerebrospinal fluid
A
circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
23
Q
cerebrum
A
largest part of the brain, responsible for voluntary muscle activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought & memory
24
Q
cranial nerves
A
twelve pairs, carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head & neck
25
dendrite
microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell, first part to receive the nervous impulse
26
dura mater
the thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding & protecting the brain and spinal cord
27
efferent (motor) nerve
carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord
28
ependymal cell
glial cell that lines the membranes within the brain and spinal cord, forms cerebrospinal fluid
29
ganglion (plural:ganglia)
collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
30
glial cell (neuroglial cell)
supportive & connective nerve cell that doesn't carry nervous impulses, can reproduce itself
31
gyrus (plural: gyri) (convolution)
sheet of nerves that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex
32
hypothalamus
portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temp. & pituitary gland secretions
33
medulla oblongata
part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat & size of blood vessels
34
menings
three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
35
microglial cells
phagocytic glial cells that remove waste products from the central nervous system
36
midbrain
uppermost portion of the brainstem contains pathways connecting the cerebrum with upper portions of the brain
37
motor (efferent) nerve
carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles & organs
38
myelin sheath
covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds & insulates the axon of a nerve cell, speeds impulse conduction
39
nerve
macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons & dendrites) that carry electrical impulses
40
neuron
nerve cell that carries impulses throughout body, parenchyma of the nervous system
41
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger release at the end of a nerve cell, stimulates or inhibits another cell
42
oligodendroglial cell(oligodendrocyte)
glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons
43
parasympathetic nerves
involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions like heart rate, breathing & muscles of the gastrointestinal tract
44
parenchyma
essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system, for the nervous system neurons & nerves
45
peripheral nervous system
nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; chemical, spinal, and autonomic nerves
46
pia mater
thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
47
plexus (plural:plexuses)
a large, interlacing network of nerves
48
pons
part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla & the rest of the midbrain
49
receptor
an organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves: skin, ears, eyes & tastebuds are receptors
50
sciatic nerve
nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot
51
sensory nerve (afferent nerves)
carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from receptor
52
spinal nerves
thirty-one pairs arising from the spinal cord
53
stimulus (plural:stimuli)
agent of change (light, sound, touch, pressure, pain) in internal/external environment that evokes a response
54
stroma
connective & supporting tissue of an organ, glial cells are the stratal tissue of the brain
55
sulcus (fissure) (plural:sulci)
depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex
56
sympathetic nerve
autonomic nerves that influence bodily function involuntarily in times of stress
57
synapse
the space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve & muscle or glandular cells
58
thalamus
main relay center of the brain, conducts impulses between spinal cord and cerebrum
59
vagus nerve
tenth cranial nerve, branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus & stomach
60
ventricles of the brain
canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
61
cerebell/o
cerebellum
62
cerebr/o
cerebrum
63
dur/o
dura mater
64
encephal/o
brain
65
gli/o
glial cells
66
lept/o
thin, slender
67
mening/o & meninig/o
membranes, meninges
68
my/o
muscle
69
myel/o
spinal cord
70
neur/o
nerve
71
pont/o
pons
72
radicul/o
nerve root
73
thalam/o
thalamus
74
thec/o
sheath (refers to meninges)
75
vag/o
vagus nerve
76
cephal/o
head
77
crani/o
skull
78
cry/o
cold
79
esthesi/o
nervous system
80
gli/o
glue
81
narc/o
sleep
82
olig/o
scanty
83
spin/o
spine
84
troph/o
nourishment
85
algeslo & -algesia
excessive sensitivity of pain
86
-algia
pain
87
caus/o
burning
88
comat/o
deep sleep
89
esthesi/o & -esthesia
feeling, nervous sensation
90
kines/o & -kinesia
movement
91
-kenesis & kinetic
movement
92
-lepsy
seizure
93
lex/o
word, phrase
94
-paresis
slight paralysis
95
-phasia
speech
96
-plegia
paralysis
97
-praxia
action
98
-sthenia
strength
99
syncop/o
cut off
100
tax/o
order, coordination
101
spina bifida cystica
a more severe form of spina bifida that causes a visible cyst on the lower part of a baby's back, the cyst is a symptom of spina bifida meningocele and myelomeningocele
102
spina bifida occulta
the mildest type of spina bifida, there's a small gap in the spine, but no opening or sac on the back
103
AD
Alzheimers disease
104
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein
105
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
106
AVM
arteriovenous malformation
107
BBB
blood-brain barrier
108
CNS
central nervous system
109
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
110
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
111
EEG
electroencephalogram
112
GABA
gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)
113
ICP
intracranial pressure, normal pressure is 5-15 mmHg
114
LP
lumbar puncture
115
MAC
monitored anesthetic care
116
MRA
magnetic resonance angiography
117
1/2 P
hemiparesis
118
PCA
patient-controlled anthesia
119
PNS
peripheral nervous system
120
PET
positron emission tomography
121
Sz
seizure
122
TBI
traumatic brain injury
123
TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
124
TIA
transient ischemic attack
125
TLE
temporal lobe epilespy
126
tPA
tissue plasminogen activator
127
subarachnoid space
contians cerebrospinal fluid
128
encephalopathy
disease of the brain
129
epidural hematoma
collection of blood above the dura mater
130
leptomeningitis
inflammation of the pia & arachnoid membranes
131
anencephaly
condition of absence of a brain
132
poliomyelitis
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
133
myelomeningocele
hernia of the spinal cord & meninges
134
intrathecal
pertaining to withing a sheath through meninges into subarachnoid space
135
subdural hematoma
mass of blood below dura mater
136
dyslexia
reading disorder
137
ataxia
condition of decrease coordination
138
bradykinesia
condition of slow movement
139
hyperethesia
condition of increased sensation
140
nacrolepsy
seizure of sleep, uncontrolled compulsion to sleep
141
aphasia
difficulty speaking
142
motor apraxia
inability to perform a task
143
hemiparesis
weakness in the right or left half of body
144
syncope
fainting
145
paraplegia
paralysis in the lower part of body
146
neurasthenia
nervous exhaustion (lack of strength) & fatigue
147
motor aphasia
difficulty speaking (patient cannot articulate words but can understand speech & knows what they want to say)
148
paresis
weakness & partial loss of movement
149
quadriplegia
paralysis in all extremities (damage to the cervical part of spinal cord)
150
aesthina
no strength (weakness)
151
comatose
pertaining to coma (loss of consciousness from which the patient can't be aroused)
152
paresthesia
condition of abnormal sensation (prickling, tingling, burning)
153
causalgia
severe burning pain from injury to peripheral nerves
154
anesthesia
condition of no sensation or nervous feeling
155
hypalgesia
diminished sensation of pain
156
dyskinesia
impairment of the ability to perform voluntary movements
157
migraine
recurrent vascular headache with severe pain of unilateral onset & photophobia
158
photophobia
sensitivity to light
159
multiple sclerosis
destruction of myelin sheath (demyelination) & its replacement by hard plaques
160
epilepsy
sudden, transient disturbances of brain function cause seizures
161
myelomeningocele
spinal column is imperfectly joined (a spilt in a vertebra occurs) and part of the meninges & spinal cord can herniate out of spinal cavity
162
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
atrophy of muscles & paralysis caused by damage to motor neurons in the spinal cord & brainstem
163
Huntington disease
patient displays bizarre, abrupt, involuntary, dance-like movements, as well as decline in mental functions
164
hydrocephalus
cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the head (ventricles of the brain)
165
myasthenia gravis
loss of muscle strength due to inability of a neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) to transport impulses from nerve cells to muscle cells
166
Parkinsons disease
degeneration of nerves in basal ganglia later in life leading to tremors, shuffling gait & muscle stiffness, dopamine (neurotransmitter) is deficient in the brain
167
Alzheimers disease
deterioration of mental capacity (dementia), cerebral cortex atrophy, widening of cerebral sulci & microscopic neurofibrillary tangles
168
bell palsy
unilateral facial paralysis
169
astrocytoma
tumor of neuroglia brain cells (astrocytes)
170
pyogenic meningitis
inflammation of the meninges (bacteria infection with pus formation)
171
Tourette syndrome
involuntary spasmodic, twitching movements (tics), uncontrollable vocal sounds and inappropriate words
172
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head
173
cerebrovascular accidcent
disruption of the normal blood flow supply to the brain, stroke or cerebral infarction
174
cerebral concussion
traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head
175
herpes zoster
neurologic condition caused by infection with herpes zoster virus blisters form along the course of peripheral nerves
176
cerebral embolus
blockage of a blood vessel in the cerebrum caused by material from another part of the body suddenly occludes the vessel
177
cerebral thrombosis
blockage of a blood vessel in the cerebrum caused by the formation of a clot with the vessel
178
cerebral hemorrhage
collection of blood in the brain (can cause a stroke)
179
cerebral aneurysm
widening of a blood vessel (artery) in the cerebrum, the aneurysm can burst & lead to a CVA
180
HIV encephalopathy
brain disease (dementia & encephalitis) caused by infection with AIDS virus
181
gait
a manner of walking or moving on foot
182
aura
pellicular sensation experienced by a patient before onset of seizure
183
transient ischemic attack
blood flow to the brain stops for a brief period of time
184
tonic-clonic seizure
major epileptic seizure, ictal event
185
palliative
relieving, but not curing
186
occlusion
blockage
187
absence seizure
minor epileptic seizure
188
glioblastoma multiforme
malignant brain tumor of immature glial cells
189
MRI of the brain
usage of magnetic waves to create an image of the brain
190
stereotactic radio surgery with Gamma Knife
an instrument (stereotactic) is fixed onto the skull & locates a target by three-dimensional measurement, gamma radiation (protons beams) are used to treat deep brain lesions
191
amalgesia
condition of insensitivity to pain
192
electroencephalography (EEG)
procedure to diagnose abnormal electrical activity in the brain
193
positron emission tomography (PET)
radioactive materials (glucose) are taken up the brain & images are recorded
194
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
high levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with spina bifida
195
lumbar puncture (LP)
intrathecal medications can be administered through the procedure to diagnose or treat a condition
196
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
fluid can be analyzed for abnormal blood cells, chemicals & proteins
