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chapter 10 Flashcards

nervous system

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

nervous system

A

-complex: 100 billion nerve cells
-voluntary & involuntary functions
-carries electrical messages
-external & internal receptor

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2
Q

nerve cells (neurons)

A

-microscopic
-collected in macroscopic nerves
-carry electrical messages all over the body

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3
Q

two major divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system (CNS) & peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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4
Q

mixed nerves

A

carry both sensory & motor fibers

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5
Q

terminal end fibers

A

secrete neurotransmitters

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6
Q

anatomical parts of a neuron:

A

-dendrites, cell body, cell nucleus & synapse
-axon, myelin sheath & terminal end fibers

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7
Q

anatomical structures of the brain:

A

-frontal & temporal lobe, sulci, gyri,
-parietal lobe, occipital lobe, wenicke area, broca area

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8
Q

meninges contain:

A

-dura & pia mater
-subdural & subarachnoid space
-arachnoid membrane

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9
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells

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10
Q

afferent nerve

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

arachnoid memebrane

A

middle layer of the three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

astrocyte

A

glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

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13
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs

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14
Q

axon

A

microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

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15
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

protective separation between the blood and brain cells that keeps substances from penetrating capillary walls and entering the brain

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16
Q

brainstem

A

posterior position of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord: includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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17
Q

cauda equina

A

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

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18
Q

cell body

A

part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

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19
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

cerebellum

A

posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements & maintains balance

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21
Q

cerebral cortex (grey matter)

A

outer region of the cerebrum, contains sheets of nerve cells

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22
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain, responsible for voluntary muscle activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought & memory

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24
Q

cranial nerves

A

twelve pairs, carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head & neck

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25
Q

dendrite

A

microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell, first part to receive the nervous impulse

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26
Q

dura mater

A

the thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding & protecting the brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

efferent (motor) nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord

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28
Q

ependymal cell

A

glial cell that lines the membranes within the brain and spinal cord, forms cerebrospinal fluid

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29
Q

ganglion (plural:ganglia)

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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30
Q

glial cell (neuroglial cell)

A

supportive & connective nerve cell that doesn’t carry nervous impulses, can reproduce itself

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31
Q

gyrus (plural: gyri) (convolution)

A

sheet of nerves that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex

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32
Q

hypothalamus

A

portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temp. & pituitary gland secretions

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33
Q

medulla oblongata

A

part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat & size of blood vessels

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34
Q

menings

A

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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35
Q

microglial cells

A

phagocytic glial cells that remove waste products from the central nervous system

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36
Q

midbrain

A

uppermost portion of the brainstem contains pathways connecting the cerebrum with upper portions of the brain

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37
Q

motor (efferent) nerve

A

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles & organs

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38
Q

myelin sheath

A

covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds & insulates the axon of a nerve cell, speeds impulse conduction

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39
Q

nerve

A

macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons & dendrites) that carry electrical impulses

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40
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell that carries impulses throughout body, parenchyma of the nervous system

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41
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger release at the end of a nerve cell, stimulates or inhibits another cell

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42
Q

oligodendroglial cell(oligodendrocyte)

A

glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons

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43
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions like heart rate, breathing & muscles of the gastrointestinal tract

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44
Q

parenchyma

A

essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system, for the nervous system neurons & nerves

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45
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; chemical, spinal, and autonomic nerves

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46
Q

pia mater

A

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

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47
Q

plexus (plural:plexuses)

A

a large, interlacing network of nerves

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48
Q

pons

A

part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla & the rest of the midbrain

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49
Q

receptor

A

an organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves: skin, ears, eyes & tastebuds are receptors

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50
Q

sciatic nerve

A

nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot

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51
Q

sensory nerve (afferent nerves)

A

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from receptor

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52
Q

spinal nerves

A

thirty-one pairs arising from the spinal cord

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53
Q

stimulus (plural:stimuli)

A

agent of change (light, sound, touch, pressure, pain) in internal/external environment that evokes a response

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54
Q

stroma

A

connective & supporting tissue of an organ, glial cells are the stratal tissue of the brain

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55
Q

sulcus (fissure) (plural:sulci)

A

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex

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56
Q

sympathetic nerve

A

autonomic nerves that influence bodily function involuntarily in times of stress

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57
Q

synapse

A

the space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve & muscle or glandular cells

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58
Q

thalamus

A

main relay center of the brain, conducts impulses between spinal cord and cerebrum

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59
Q

vagus nerve

A

tenth cranial nerve, branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus & stomach

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60
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

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61
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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62
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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63
Q

dur/o

A

dura mater

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64
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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65
Q

gli/o

A

glial cells

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66
Q

lept/o

A

thin, slender

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67
Q

mening/o & meninig/o

A

membranes, meninges

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68
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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69
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord

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70
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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71
Q

pont/o

A

pons

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72
Q

radicul/o

A

nerve root

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73
Q

thalam/o

A

thalamus

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74
Q

thec/o

A

sheath (refers to meninges)

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75
Q

vag/o

A

vagus nerve

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76
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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77
Q

crani/o

A

skull

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78
Q

cry/o

A

cold

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79
Q

esthesi/o

A

nervous system

80
Q

gli/o

A

glue

81
Q

narc/o

A

sleep

82
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

83
Q

spin/o

A

spine

84
Q

troph/o

A

nourishment

85
Q

algeslo & -algesia

A

excessive sensitivity of pain

86
Q

-algia

A

pain

87
Q

caus/o

A

burning

88
Q

comat/o

A

deep sleep

89
Q

esthesi/o & -esthesia

A

feeling, nervous sensation

90
Q

kines/o & -kinesia

A

movement

91
Q

-kenesis & kinetic

A

movement

92
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

93
Q

lex/o

A

word, phrase

94
Q

-paresis

A

slight paralysis

95
Q

-phasia

A

speech

96
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

97
Q

-praxia

A

action

98
Q

-sthenia

A

strength

99
Q

syncop/o

A

cut off

100
Q

tax/o

A

order, coordination

101
Q

spina bifida cystica

A

a more severe form of spina bifida that causes a visible cyst on the lower part of a baby’s back, the cyst is a symptom of spina bifida meningocele and myelomeningocele

102
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

the mildest type of spina bifida, there’s a small gap in the spine, but no opening or sac on the back

103
Q

AD

A

Alzheimers disease

104
Q

AFP

A

alpha-fetoprotein

105
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

106
Q

AVM

A

arteriovenous malformation

107
Q

BBB

A

blood-brain barrier

108
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

109
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

110
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

111
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

112
Q

GABA

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)

113
Q

ICP

A

intracranial pressure, normal pressure is 5-15 mmHg

114
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

115
Q

MAC

A

monitored anesthetic care

116
Q

MRA

A

magnetic resonance angiography

117
Q

1/2 P

A

hemiparesis

118
Q

PCA

A

patient-controlled anthesia

119
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

120
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

121
Q

Sz

A

seizure

122
Q

TBI

A

traumatic brain injury

123
Q

TENS

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

124
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

125
Q

TLE

A

temporal lobe epilespy

126
Q

tPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator

127
Q

subarachnoid space

A

contians cerebrospinal fluid

128
Q

encephalopathy

A

disease of the brain

129
Q

epidural hematoma

A

collection of blood above the dura mater

130
Q

leptomeningitis

A

inflammation of the pia & arachnoid membranes

131
Q

anencephaly

A

condition of absence of a brain

132
Q

poliomyelitis

A

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord

133
Q

myelomeningocele

A

hernia of the spinal cord & meninges

134
Q

intrathecal

A

pertaining to withing a sheath through meninges into subarachnoid space

135
Q

subdural hematoma

A

mass of blood below dura mater

136
Q

dyslexia

A

reading disorder

137
Q

ataxia

A

condition of decrease coordination

138
Q

bradykinesia

A

condition of slow movement

139
Q

hyperethesia

A

condition of increased sensation

140
Q

nacrolepsy

A

seizure of sleep, uncontrolled compulsion to sleep

141
Q

aphasia

A

difficulty speaking

142
Q

motor apraxia

A

inability to perform a task

143
Q

hemiparesis

A

weakness in the right or left half of body

144
Q

syncope

A

fainting

145
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis in the lower part of body

146
Q

neurasthenia

A

nervous exhaustion (lack of strength) & fatigue

147
Q

motor aphasia

A

difficulty speaking (patient cannot articulate words but can understand speech & knows what they want to say)

148
Q

paresis

A

weakness & partial loss of movement

149
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis in all extremities (damage to the cervical part of spinal cord)

150
Q

aesthina

A

no strength (weakness)

151
Q

comatose

A

pertaining to coma (loss of consciousness from which the patient can’t be aroused)

152
Q

paresthesia

A

condition of abnormal sensation (prickling, tingling, burning)

153
Q

causalgia

A

severe burning pain from injury to peripheral nerves

154
Q

anesthesia

A

condition of no sensation or nervous feeling

155
Q

hypalgesia

A

diminished sensation of pain

156
Q

dyskinesia

A

impairment of the ability to perform voluntary movements

157
Q

migraine

A

recurrent vascular headache with severe pain of unilateral onset & photophobia

158
Q

photophobia

A

sensitivity to light

159
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

destruction of myelin sheath (demyelination) & its replacement by hard plaques

160
Q

epilepsy

A

sudden, transient disturbances of brain function cause seizures

161
Q

myelomeningocele

A

spinal column is imperfectly joined (a spilt in a vertebra occurs) and part of the meninges & spinal cord can herniate out of spinal cavity

162
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

atrophy of muscles & paralysis caused by damage to motor neurons in the spinal cord & brainstem

163
Q

Huntington disease

A

patient displays bizarre, abrupt, involuntary, dance-like movements, as well as decline in mental functions

164
Q

hydrocephalus

A

cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the head (ventricles of the brain)

165
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

loss of muscle strength due to inability of a neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) to transport impulses from nerve cells to muscle cells

166
Q

Parkinsons disease

A

degeneration of nerves in basal ganglia later in life leading to tremors, shuffling gait & muscle stiffness, dopamine (neurotransmitter) is deficient in the brain

167
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

deterioration of mental capacity (dementia), cerebral cortex atrophy, widening of cerebral sulci & microscopic neurofibrillary tangles

168
Q

bell palsy

A

unilateral facial paralysis

169
Q

astrocytoma

A

tumor of neuroglia brain cells (astrocytes)

170
Q

pyogenic meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges (bacteria infection with pus formation)

171
Q

Tourette syndrome

A

involuntary spasmodic, twitching movements (tics), uncontrollable vocal sounds and inappropriate words

172
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head

173
Q

cerebrovascular accidcent

A

disruption of the normal blood flow supply to the brain, stroke or cerebral infarction

174
Q

cerebral concussion

A

traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head

175
Q

herpes zoster

A

neurologic condition caused by infection with herpes zoster virus blisters form along the course of peripheral nerves

176
Q

cerebral embolus

A

blockage of a blood vessel in the cerebrum caused by material from another part of the body suddenly occludes the vessel

177
Q

cerebral thrombosis

A

blockage of a blood vessel in the cerebrum caused by the formation of a clot with the vessel

178
Q

cerebral hemorrhage

A

collection of blood in the brain (can cause a stroke)

179
Q

cerebral aneurysm

A

widening of a blood vessel (artery) in the cerebrum, the aneurysm can burst & lead to a CVA

180
Q

HIV encephalopathy

A

brain disease (dementia & encephalitis) caused by infection with AIDS virus

181
Q

gait

A

a manner of walking or moving on foot

182
Q

aura

A

pellicular sensation experienced by a patient before onset of seizure

183
Q

transient ischemic attack

A

blood flow to the brain stops for a brief period of time

184
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

major epileptic seizure, ictal event

185
Q

palliative

A

relieving, but not curing

186
Q

occlusion

A

blockage

187
Q

absence seizure

A

minor epileptic seizure

188
Q

glioblastoma multiforme

A

malignant brain tumor of immature glial cells

189
Q

MRI of the brain

A

usage of magnetic waves to create an image of the brain

190
Q

stereotactic radio surgery with Gamma Knife

A

an instrument (stereotactic) is fixed onto the skull & locates a target by three-dimensional measurement, gamma radiation (protons beams) are used to treat deep brain lesions

191
Q

amalgesia

A

condition of insensitivity to pain

192
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

procedure to diagnose abnormal electrical activity in the brain

193
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

radioactive materials (glucose) are taken up the brain & images are recorded

194
Q

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

A

high levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with spina bifida

195
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

intrathecal medications can be administered through the procedure to diagnose or treat a condition

196
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

fluid can be analyzed for abnormal blood cells, chemicals & proteins

medical terminolgy (22 decks)

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