chapter 10 Flashcards
nervous system
nervous system
-complex: 100 billion nerve cells
-voluntary & involuntary functions
-carries electrical messages
-external & internal receptor
nerve cells (neurons)
-microscopic
-collected in macroscopic nerves
-carry electrical messages all over the body
two major divisions of the nervous system
central nervous system (CNS) & peripheral nervous system (PNS)
mixed nerves
carry both sensory & motor fibers
terminal end fibers
secrete neurotransmitters
anatomical parts of a neuron:
-dendrites, cell body, cell nucleus & synapse
-axon, myelin sheath & terminal end fibers
anatomical structures of the brain:
-frontal & temporal lobe, sulci, gyri,
-parietal lobe, occipital lobe, wenicke area, broca area
meninges contain:
-dura & pia mater
-subdural & subarachnoid space
-arachnoid membrane
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells
afferent nerve
carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord
arachnoid memebrane
middle layer of the three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
astrocyte
glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries
autonomic nervous system
nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
axon
microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
blood-brain barrier
protective separation between the blood and brain cells that keeps substances from penetrating capillary walls and entering the brain
brainstem
posterior position of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord: includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
cauda equina
collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
cell body
part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus
central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
cerebellum
posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements & maintains balance
cerebral cortex (grey matter)
outer region of the cerebrum, contains sheets of nerve cells
cerebrospinal fluid
circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
cerebrum
largest part of the brain, responsible for voluntary muscle activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought & memory
cranial nerves
twelve pairs, carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head & neck
dendrite
microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell, first part to receive the nervous impulse
dura mater
the thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding & protecting the brain and spinal cord
efferent (motor) nerve
carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord
ependymal cell
glial cell that lines the membranes within the brain and spinal cord, forms cerebrospinal fluid
ganglion (plural:ganglia)
collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
glial cell (neuroglial cell)
supportive & connective nerve cell that doesn’t carry nervous impulses, can reproduce itself
gyrus (plural: gyri) (convolution)
sheet of nerves that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temp. & pituitary gland secretions
medulla oblongata
part of the brain just above the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat & size of blood vessels
menings
three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
microglial cells
phagocytic glial cells that remove waste products from the central nervous system
midbrain
uppermost portion of the brainstem contains pathways connecting the cerebrum with upper portions of the brain
motor (efferent) nerve
carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles & organs
myelin sheath
covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds & insulates the axon of a nerve cell, speeds impulse conduction
nerve
macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons & dendrites) that carry electrical impulses
neuron
nerve cell that carries impulses throughout body, parenchyma of the nervous system
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger release at the end of a nerve cell, stimulates or inhibits another cell
oligodendroglial cell(oligodendrocyte)
glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons
parasympathetic nerves
involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions like heart rate, breathing & muscles of the gastrointestinal tract
parenchyma
essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system, for the nervous system neurons & nerves
peripheral nervous system
nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; chemical, spinal, and autonomic nerves
pia mater
thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
plexus (plural:plexuses)
a large, interlacing network of nerves
pons
part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla & the rest of the midbrain
receptor
an organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves: skin, ears, eyes & tastebuds are receptors
sciatic nerve
nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot
sensory nerve (afferent nerves)
carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from receptor
spinal nerves
thirty-one pairs arising from the spinal cord
stimulus (plural:stimuli)
agent of change (light, sound, touch, pressure, pain) in internal/external environment that evokes a response
stroma
connective & supporting tissue of an organ, glial cells are the stratal tissue of the brain
sulcus (fissure) (plural:sulci)
depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex
sympathetic nerve
autonomic nerves that influence bodily function involuntarily in times of stress
synapse
the space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve & muscle or glandular cells
thalamus
main relay center of the brain, conducts impulses between spinal cord and cerebrum
vagus nerve
tenth cranial nerve, branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus & stomach
ventricles of the brain
canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o
cerebrum
dur/o
dura mater
encephal/o
brain
gli/o
glial cells
lept/o
thin, slender
mening/o & meninig/o
membranes, meninges
my/o
muscle
myel/o
spinal cord
neur/o
nerve
pont/o
pons
radicul/o
nerve root
thalam/o
thalamus
thec/o
sheath (refers to meninges)
vag/o
vagus nerve
cephal/o
head
crani/o
skull
cry/o
cold
esthesi/o
nervous system
gli/o
glue
narc/o
sleep
olig/o
scanty
spin/o
spine
troph/o
nourishment
algeslo & -algesia
excessive sensitivity of pain
-algia
pain
caus/o
burning
comat/o
deep sleep
esthesi/o & -esthesia
feeling, nervous sensation
kines/o & -kinesia
movement
-kenesis & kinetic
movement
-lepsy
seizure
lex/o
word, phrase
-paresis
slight paralysis
-phasia
speech
-plegia
paralysis
-praxia
action
-sthenia
strength
syncop/o
cut off
tax/o
order, coordination
spina bifida cystica
a more severe form of spina bifida that causes a visible cyst on the lower part of a baby’s back, the cyst is a symptom of spina bifida meningocele and myelomeningocele
spina bifida occulta
the mildest type of spina bifida, there’s a small gap in the spine, but no opening or sac on the back
AD
Alzheimers disease
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
AVM
arteriovenous malformation
BBB
blood-brain barrier
CNS
central nervous system
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
EEG
electroencephalogram
GABA
gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)
ICP
intracranial pressure, normal pressure is 5-15 mmHg
LP
lumbar puncture
MAC
monitored anesthetic care
MRA
magnetic resonance angiography
1/2 P
hemiparesis
PCA
patient-controlled anthesia
PNS
peripheral nervous system
PET
positron emission tomography
Sz
seizure
TBI
traumatic brain injury
TENS
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TIA
transient ischemic attack
TLE
temporal lobe epilespy
tPA
tissue plasminogen activator
subarachnoid space
contians cerebrospinal fluid
encephalopathy
disease of the brain
epidural hematoma
collection of blood above the dura mater
leptomeningitis
inflammation of the pia & arachnoid membranes
anencephaly
condition of absence of a brain
poliomyelitis
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
myelomeningocele
hernia of the spinal cord & meninges
intrathecal
pertaining to withing a sheath through meninges into subarachnoid space
subdural hematoma
mass of blood below dura mater
dyslexia
reading disorder
ataxia
condition of decrease coordination
bradykinesia
condition of slow movement
hyperethesia
condition of increased sensation
nacrolepsy
seizure of sleep, uncontrolled compulsion to sleep
aphasia
difficulty speaking
motor apraxia
inability to perform a task
hemiparesis
weakness in the right or left half of body
syncope
fainting
paraplegia
paralysis in the lower part of body
neurasthenia
nervous exhaustion (lack of strength) & fatigue
motor aphasia
difficulty speaking (patient cannot articulate words but can understand speech & knows what they want to say)
paresis
weakness & partial loss of movement
quadriplegia
paralysis in all extremities (damage to the cervical part of spinal cord)
aesthina
no strength (weakness)
comatose
pertaining to coma (loss of consciousness from which the patient can’t be aroused)
paresthesia
condition of abnormal sensation (prickling, tingling, burning)
causalgia
severe burning pain from injury to peripheral nerves
anesthesia
condition of no sensation or nervous feeling
hypalgesia
diminished sensation of pain
dyskinesia
impairment of the ability to perform voluntary movements
migraine
recurrent vascular headache with severe pain of unilateral onset & photophobia
photophobia
sensitivity to light
multiple sclerosis
destruction of myelin sheath (demyelination) & its replacement by hard plaques
epilepsy
sudden, transient disturbances of brain function cause seizures
myelomeningocele
spinal column is imperfectly joined (a spilt in a vertebra occurs) and part of the meninges & spinal cord can herniate out of spinal cavity
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
atrophy of muscles & paralysis caused by damage to motor neurons in the spinal cord & brainstem
Huntington disease
patient displays bizarre, abrupt, involuntary, dance-like movements, as well as decline in mental functions
hydrocephalus
cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the head (ventricles of the brain)
myasthenia gravis
loss of muscle strength due to inability of a neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) to transport impulses from nerve cells to muscle cells
Parkinsons disease
degeneration of nerves in basal ganglia later in life leading to tremors, shuffling gait & muscle stiffness, dopamine (neurotransmitter) is deficient in the brain
Alzheimers disease
deterioration of mental capacity (dementia), cerebral cortex atrophy, widening of cerebral sulci & microscopic neurofibrillary tangles
bell palsy
unilateral facial paralysis
astrocytoma
tumor of neuroglia brain cells (astrocytes)
pyogenic meningitis
inflammation of the meninges (bacteria infection with pus formation)
Tourette syndrome
involuntary spasmodic, twitching movements (tics), uncontrollable vocal sounds and inappropriate words
cerebral contusion
bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head
cerebrovascular accidcent
disruption of the normal blood flow supply to the brain, stroke or cerebral infarction
cerebral concussion
traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head
herpes zoster
neurologic condition caused by infection with herpes zoster virus blisters form along the course of peripheral nerves
cerebral embolus
blockage of a blood vessel in the cerebrum caused by material from another part of the body suddenly occludes the vessel
cerebral thrombosis
blockage of a blood vessel in the cerebrum caused by the formation of a clot with the vessel
cerebral hemorrhage
collection of blood in the brain (can cause a stroke)
cerebral aneurysm
widening of a blood vessel (artery) in the cerebrum, the aneurysm can burst & lead to a CVA
HIV encephalopathy
brain disease (dementia & encephalitis) caused by infection with AIDS virus
gait
a manner of walking or moving on foot
aura
pellicular sensation experienced by a patient before onset of seizure
transient ischemic attack
blood flow to the brain stops for a brief period of time
tonic-clonic seizure
major epileptic seizure, ictal event
palliative
relieving, but not curing
occlusion
blockage
absence seizure
minor epileptic seizure
glioblastoma multiforme
malignant brain tumor of immature glial cells
MRI of the brain
usage of magnetic waves to create an image of the brain
stereotactic radio surgery with Gamma Knife
an instrument (stereotactic) is fixed onto the skull & locates a target by three-dimensional measurement, gamma radiation (protons beams) are used to treat deep brain lesions
amalgesia
condition of insensitivity to pain
electroencephalography (EEG)
procedure to diagnose abnormal electrical activity in the brain
positron emission tomography (PET)
radioactive materials (glucose) are taken up the brain & images are recorded
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
high levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with spina bifida
lumbar puncture (LP)
intrathecal medications can be administered through the procedure to diagnose or treat a condition
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
fluid can be analyzed for abnormal blood cells, chemicals & proteins
