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chapter 18 Flashcards

endocrine system

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete their hormones directly into bloodstream

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2
Q

exocrine

A

send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body

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3
Q

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

stores & releases hormones synthesized in hypothalamus

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4
Q

adrenal cortex (outer portion)

A

outer section of each adrenal glands; secretes cortisol, aldosterone & sex hormones

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5
Q

adrenal medulla (inner portion)

A

inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine

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6
Q

ovaries

A

located in lower abdomen of female; responsible for egg production & estrogen progesterone secretion

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7
Q

pancreas

A

located behind the spleen; secretes insulin & glucagon

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8
Q

parathyroid glands

A

four small glands on the posterior of thyroid gland; secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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9
Q

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; oxytocin, ADH(vasopressin), prolactin, GH (somatotropin), thyroid-stimulating, adrenocorticotropic

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10
Q

testes

A

two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production & testosterone

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11
Q

thyroid gland

A

located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine & calcitonin

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12
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate, blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage

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13
Q

adrebocortocotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) of the pituitary gland; stimulates secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex

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14
Q

aldosterone

A

secreted by adrenal cortex; reabsorption of sodium & exceretion of potassium

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15
Q

androgen

A

male hormone secreted by the testes & adrenal cortex (to a lesser extent)

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16
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

secreted by the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) of the pituitary gland; increases reabsorption of water by kidneys

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17
Q

calcitonin

A

secreted by the thyroid gland; stimulates calcium to leave the blood & enter bone & decreases blood calcium levels

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18
Q

cortisol

A

secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar

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19
Q

estradiol

A

develops and maintains female sex characteristics; estrogen

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20
Q

estrogen

A

female hormone secreted by the ovaries & adrenal cortex (to a lesser extent); maintain menstrual cycle, release ovum, secondary sex characteristics

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21
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) of the pituitary; stimulates hormone production & egg production by ovaries & sperm production by testes

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22
Q

glucagons

A

secreted by alpha islet (Langerhans) cells of the pancreas; increases blood sugar & promotes the movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells

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23
Q

growth hormone (GH), somatotropin

A

secreted by anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) of pituitary; stimulates growth of bones & soft tissues

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24
Q

insulin

A

secreted by beta islet (Langerhans) cells of pancreas; promotes movement of glucose into cells, promotes storage as glycogen

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25
Q

luteinizing hormone (LSH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) of pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of uterus during labor & childbirth

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26
Q

norepinephrine

A

secreted by the adrenal medulla; constricts vessels to raise blood pressure

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27
Q

oxytocin (OT)

A

secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary (neurohypophysis); stimulated contraction of uterus during labor & childbirth

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28
Q

parathormone (PTH)

A

secreted by parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium/causes calcium to mobilize from bones into bloodstream

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29
Q

progesterone

A

secreted by the ovaries; prepares uterus for pregnancy

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30
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

secreted by anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) of pituitary; promotes milk secretion

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31
Q

somatotropin (STH) or GH

A

secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary; stimulates growth of bones & soft tissues

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32
Q

testosterone

A

male hormone secreted by testes; maintains germ cell formation & secondary sex characteristics

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33
Q

thyroid-stimulating gland (TSH), thyrotropin

A

secreted by anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) of pituitary; promotes thyroid function

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34
Q

thyroxine (T4), tetraiodothyronine

A

secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism & uptake of oxygen

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35
Q

triiodothyronine (T3)

A

secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism & uptake of oxygen

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36
Q

vasopressin or ADH

A

secreted by posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) of pituitary, raises water reabsorption & raises blood pressure

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37
Q

catecholamines

A

hormones derived from an amino acid & secreted by adrenal medulla

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38
Q

electrolyte

A

mineral salt found in blood & tissues

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39
Q

glucocorticoid

A

steroid hormone derived from cholesterol secreted by adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat & protein metabolism (cortisol) & anti-inflammatory (cortisone)

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40
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal enviroment

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41
Q

hormone

A

substance secreted by an endocrine gland to influence structure or function of an organ or gland

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42
Q

hypothalamus

A

region of the brain lying below the thalamus & above pituitary gland

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43
Q

minneralcocorticoid

A

steroid hormone secreted by adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts, electrolytes & water balance in the body

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44
Q

receptor

A

cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited

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45
Q

sella turcica

A

cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland

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46
Q

sex hormones

A

steroids produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male & female sexual characteristics

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47
Q

steroid

A

complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made

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48
Q

sympathomimetic

A

pertaining to minimizing or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system

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49
Q

target tissue

A

cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones

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50
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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51
Q

adrenal/o

A

adrenal glands

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52
Q

gonad/o

A

sex glands

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53
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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54
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid gland

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55
Q

pituitar/o

A

pituitary gland; hypophysis

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56
Q

thyr/o

A

thyroid gland

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57
Q

thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

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58
Q

andr/o

A

male

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59
Q

calc/o & calici/o

A

calcium

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60
Q

cortic/o

A

cortex, outer region

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61
Q

crin/o

A

secrete

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62
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

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63
Q

estr/o

A

female

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64
Q

gluc/o & glyc/o

A

sugar

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65
Q

home/o

A

sameness

66
Q

hormon/o

A

hormone

67
Q

kal/i

A

potassium

68
Q

lact/o

A

milk

69
Q

myx/o

A

mucus

70
Q

natr/o

A

sodium

71
Q

phys/o

A

growing

72
Q

somat/o

A

body

73
Q

ster/o

A

solid structure

74
Q

toc/o

A

childbirth

75
Q

toxic/o

A

position

76
Q

ur/o

A

urine

77
Q

-agon

A

assemble, gather together

78
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

79
Q

-in & -ine

A

substance

80
Q

-tropin

A

stimulating the function of

81
Q

-uria

A

urine

82
Q

eu-

A

good, normal

83
Q

hyper-

A

excessive, above

84
Q

hypo-

A

deficient, below

85
Q

oxy-

A

rapid, sharp, acid

86
Q

pan-

A

all

87
Q

poly-

A

much or increased

88
Q

tetra-

A

four

89
Q

tri-

A

three

90
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of thyroid

91
Q

A1C

A

blood test that measures glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) to asses glucose control

92
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

93
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

94
Q

Ca+

A

calcium

95
Q

CGMS

A

continuous glucose monitoring system

96
Q

DI

A

diabetes inspidus

97
Q

DKA

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

98
Q

DM

A

diabetes mallitus

99
Q

FBG

A

fasting blood sugar

100
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

101
Q

GH

A

growth hormone

102
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

103
Q

HBA1c or A1c

A

test for presence of glucose attached to hemoglobin

104
Q

hCG or HCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

105
Q

IGF

A

insulin-like growth factor

106
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

107
Q

MDI

A

multiple daily injection

108
Q

OT, OXT

A

oxytocin

109
Q

PRL

A

prolactin

110
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone (parathormone)

111
Q

RAI

A

radioactive iodine

112
Q

RIA

A

radioimmunoassay

113
Q

RAIU

A

radioactive iodine uptake (imaging test or scan)

114
Q

SIADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

115
Q

SMBG

A

self-monitoring of blood glucose

116
Q

STH

A

somatotropin

117
Q

T3

A

triiodothyronine

118
Q

T4

A

thyroxine/ tetraiodothyronine

119
Q

TFT

A

thyroid function

120
Q

TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

121
Q

gonadotropic hormones

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)

122
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex; obesity, moonfaced, thoracic fat deposition

123
Q

tetany

A

hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland; constant muscle contraction

124
Q

graves’ disease

A

hypersecretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland

125
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone from the neurohypophysis of pituitary; causes the body to make large amounts of urine and can lead to extreme thirst

126
Q

acromegaly

A

hypersecretion of growth hormone from the adenohypophysis; enlargement of the extremities (after puberty)

127
Q

myxedema

A

hyposecretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland; swelling and thickening of the skin

128
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

hypersecretion of insulin from the pancreas; a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose)

129
Q

addison’s disease

A

hyposecretion of aldosterone (cortisol) from the adrenal cortex; low blood sugar, darkness of skin, fatigue, deficient in mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids, hyponatremia

130
Q

gigantism

A

hypersecretion of growth hormone from adenohypophysis; person grows very tall (up to 8ft)

131
Q

endemic goiter

A

hyposecretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland; occurs in iodine-deficient areas.

132
Q

cretinism

A

hyposecretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland; intellectual disability, small stature & thickening of the facial features

133
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

hypersecretion of epinephrine & norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla; benign tumor of adrenal medulla, hypertension, tachycardia, palpations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of face & muscle spasms

134
Q

hypogonadism

A

condition of deficiency or underdevelopment of the sex organs

135
Q

endocrinologist

A

specialist in the study of hormone disorders

136
Q

hyponatremia

A

deficient sodium in blood

137
Q

polydipsia

A

condition of excessive thirst

138
Q

glycosuria

A

condition of sugar in the urine

139
Q

euthryroid

A

normal thyroid function

140
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

condition of increased secretion from the thyroid gland

141
Q

ketoacidosis

A

condition of excessive ketones (acid) in blood as a result of diabetes mellitus

142
Q

glycogen

A

animal starch, storage from of glucose

143
Q

adrenal virilism

A

abnormal secretion of androgens from the adrenal cortex produces masculine characteristics in a female

144
Q

thyroid carcinoma

A

cancerous tumor of thyroid gland

145
Q

hirsutism

A

excessive hair on the body (result of hypersecretion of androgens)

146
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

destruction of beta islet cells, insulin not produced

147
Q

diabetic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes

A

destruction of neurons as 2nd complication of diabetes mellitus

148
Q

hypoglycemia

A

too little sugar in blood can occur if too much insulin is taken by a diabetic patient

149
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin deficiency & resistance by target tissue to action of insulin

150
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

destruction of blood vessels in the retina as a secondary complication of diabetes mellitus

151
Q

diabetic coma

A

unconsciousness caused by high levels of sugar in the blood; water leaves cells to balance the large amounts of sugar in the blood, leading to cellular dehydration

152
Q

diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes

A

destruction of the kidney as a 2nd complication of diabetes mellitus

153
Q

atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes

A

collection of fatty plaque in arteries

154
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high level of sugar in the blood; insulin is unavailable or unable to transport sugar from the blood into cells

155
Q

gastroparesis

A

decreased gastric motility, secondary complication of diabetes

156
Q

insulin shock

A

hypoglycemic shock caused by an overdose of insulin, decreased intake of food, or excessive exercise

157
Q

thyroid gland

A

radioactive compound is given & the thyroid is imaged using scanning device

158
Q

fasting plasma glucose

A

measurement of blood sugar levels in a fasting patient (at least 4 hours) & after intervals of 30 minutes and 1,2 & 3 hours after ingestion of glucose

159
Q

exophthalmometry

A

measurement of eyeball protrusion (symptoms of graves’ disease)

160
Q

thyroid function test (TFT)

A

measurement of T3, T4 & TSH in bloodstream

medical terminolgy (22 decks)

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