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chapter 18 Flashcards

endocrine system

1
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete their hormones directly into bloodstream

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2
Q

exocrine

A

send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body

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3
Q

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

stores & releases hormones synthesized in hypothalamus

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4
Q

adrenal cortex (outer portion)

A

outer section of each adrenal glands; secretes cortisol, aldosterone & sex hormones

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5
Q

adrenal medulla (inner portion)

A

inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine & norepinephrine

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6
Q

ovaries

A

located in lower abdomen of female; responsible for egg production & estrogen progesterone secretion

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7
Q

pancreas

A

located behind the spleen; secretes insulin & glucagon

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8
Q

parathyroid glands

A

four small glands on the posterior of thyroid gland; secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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9
Q

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; oxytocin, ADH(vasopressin), prolactin, GH (somatotropin), thyroid-stimulating, adrenocorticotropic

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10
Q

testes

A

two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production & testosterone

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11
Q

thyroid gland

A

located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine & calcitonin

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12
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate, blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage

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13
Q

adrebocortocotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) of the pituitary gland; stimulates secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex

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14
Q

aldosterone

A

secreted by adrenal cortex; reabsorption of sodium & exceretion of potassium

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15
Q

androgen

A

male hormone secreted by the testes & adrenal cortex (to a lesser extent)

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16
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

secreted by the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) of the pituitary gland; increases reabsorption of water by kidneys

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17
Q

calcitonin

A

secreted by the thyroid gland; stimulates calcium to leave the blood & enter bone & decreases blood calcium levels

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18
Q

cortisol

A

secreted by the adrenal cortex; increases blood sugar

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19
Q

estradiol

A

develops and maintains female sex characteristics; estrogen

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20
Q

estrogen

A

female hormone secreted by the ovaries & adrenal cortex (to a lesser extent); maintain menstrual cycle, release ovum, secondary sex characteristics

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21
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) of the pituitary; stimulates hormone production & egg production by ovaries & sperm production by testes

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22
Q

glucagons

A

secreted by alpha islet (Langerhans) cells of the pancreas; increases blood sugar & promotes the movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells

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23
Q

growth hormone (GH), somatotropin

A

secreted by anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) of pituitary; stimulates growth of bones & soft tissues

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24
Q

insulin

A

secreted by beta islet (Langerhans) cells of pancreas; promotes movement of glucose into cells, promotes storage as glycogen

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25
luteinizing hormone (LSH)
secreted by the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) of pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of uterus during labor & childbirth
26
norepinephrine
secreted by the adrenal medulla; constricts vessels to raise blood pressure
27
oxytocin (OT)
secreted by posterior lobe of pituitary (neurohypophysis); stimulated contraction of uterus during labor & childbirth
28
parathormone (PTH)
secreted by parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium/causes calcium to mobilize from bones into bloodstream
29
progesterone
secreted by the ovaries; prepares uterus for pregnancy
30
prolactin (PRL)
secreted by anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) of pituitary; promotes milk secretion
31
somatotropin (STH) or GH
secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary; stimulates growth of bones & soft tissues
32
testosterone
male hormone secreted by testes; maintains germ cell formation & secondary sex characteristics
33
thyroid-stimulating gland (TSH), thyrotropin
secreted by anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) of pituitary; promotes thyroid function
34
thyroxine (T4), tetraiodothyronine
secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism & uptake of oxygen
35
triiodothyronine (T3)
secreted by the thyroid gland; increases cell metabolism & uptake of oxygen
36
vasopressin or ADH
secreted by posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) of pituitary, raises water reabsorption & raises blood pressure
37
catecholamines
hormones derived from an amino acid & secreted by adrenal medulla
38
electrolyte
mineral salt found in blood & tissues
39
glucocorticoid
steroid hormone derived from cholesterol secreted by adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat & protein metabolism (cortisol) & anti-inflammatory (cortisone)
40
homeostasis
tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal enviroment
41
hormone
substance secreted by an endocrine gland to influence structure or function of an organ or gland
42
hypothalamus
region of the brain lying below the thalamus & above pituitary gland
43
minneralcocorticoid
steroid hormone secreted by adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts, electrolytes & water balance in the body
44
receptor
cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited
45
sella turcica
cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland
46
sex hormones
steroids produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male & female sexual characteristics
47
steroid
complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made
48
sympathomimetic
pertaining to minimizing or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system
49
target tissue
cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones
50
aden/o
gland
51
adrenal/o
adrenal glands
52
gonad/o
sex glands
53
pancreat/o
pancreas
54
parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
55
pituitar/o
pituitary gland; hypophysis
56
thyr/o
thyroid gland
57
thyroid/o
thyroid gland
58
andr/o
male
59
calc/o & calici/o
calcium
60
cortic/o
cortex, outer region
61
crin/o
secrete
62
dips/o
thirst
63
estr/o
female
64
gluc/o & glyc/o
sugar
65
home/o
sameness
66
hormon/o
hormone
67
kal/i
potassium
68
lact/o
milk
69
myx/o
mucus
70
natr/o
sodium
71
phys/o
growing
72
somat/o
body
73
ster/o
solid structure
74
toc/o
childbirth
75
toxic/o
position
76
ur/o
urine
77
-agon
assemble, gather together
78
-emia
blood condition
79
-in & -ine
substance
80
-tropin
stimulating the function of
81
-uria
urine
82
eu-
good, normal
83
hyper-
excessive, above
84
hypo-
deficient, below
85
oxy-
rapid, sharp, acid
86
pan-
all
87
poly-
much or increased
88
tetra-
four
89
tri-
three
90
goiter
enlargement of thyroid
91
A1C
blood test that measures glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) to asses glucose control
92
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
93
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
94
Ca+
calcium
95
CGMS
continuous glucose monitoring system
96
DI
diabetes inspidus
97
DKA
diabetic ketoacidosis
98
DM
diabetes mallitus
99
FBG
fasting blood sugar
100
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
101
GH
growth hormone
102
GTT
glucose tolerance test
103
HBA1c or A1c
test for presence of glucose attached to hemoglobin
104
hCG or HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
105
IGF
insulin-like growth factor
106
LH
luteinizing hormone
107
MDI
multiple daily injection
108
OT, OXT
oxytocin
109
PRL
prolactin
110
PTH
parathyroid hormone (parathormone)
111
RAI
radioactive iodine
112
RIA
radioimmunoassay
113
RAIU
radioactive iodine uptake (imaging test or scan)
114
SIADH
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
115
SMBG
self-monitoring of blood glucose
116
STH
somatotropin
117
T3
triiodothyronine
118
T4
thyroxine/ tetraiodothyronine
119
TFT
thyroid function
120
TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone
121
gonadotropic hormones
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)
122
Cushing syndrome
hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex; obesity, moonfaced, thoracic fat deposition
123
tetany
hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid gland; constant muscle contraction
124
graves' disease
hypersecretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland
125
diabetes insipidus
hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone from the neurohypophysis of pituitary; causes the body to make large amounts of urine and can lead to extreme thirst
126
acromegaly
hypersecretion of growth hormone from the adenohypophysis; enlargement of the extremities (after puberty)
127
myxedema
hyposecretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland; swelling and thickening of the skin
128
diabetes mellitus
hypersecretion of insulin from the pancreas; a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose)
129
addison's disease
hyposecretion of aldosterone (cortisol) from the adrenal cortex; low blood sugar, darkness of skin, fatigue, deficient in mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids, hyponatremia
130
gigantism
hypersecretion of growth hormone from adenohypophysis; person grows very tall (up to 8ft)
131
endemic goiter
hyposecretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland; occurs in iodine-deficient areas.
132
cretinism
hyposecretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland; intellectual disability, small stature & thickening of the facial features
133
pheochromocytoma
hypersecretion of epinephrine & norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla; benign tumor of adrenal medulla, hypertension, tachycardia, palpations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of face & muscle spasms
134
hypogonadism
condition of deficiency or underdevelopment of the sex organs
135
endocrinologist
specialist in the study of hormone disorders
136
hyponatremia
deficient sodium in blood
137
polydipsia
condition of excessive thirst
138
glycosuria
condition of sugar in the urine
139
euthryroid
normal thyroid function
140
hyperthyroidism
condition of increased secretion from the thyroid gland
141
ketoacidosis
condition of excessive ketones (acid) in blood as a result of diabetes mellitus
142
glycogen
animal starch, storage from of glucose
143
adrenal virilism
abnormal secretion of androgens from the adrenal cortex produces masculine characteristics in a female
144
thyroid carcinoma
cancerous tumor of thyroid gland
145
hirsutism
excessive hair on the body (result of hypersecretion of androgens)
146
type 1 diabetes
destruction of beta islet cells, insulin not produced
147
diabetic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes
destruction of neurons as 2nd complication of diabetes mellitus
148
hypoglycemia
too little sugar in blood can occur if too much insulin is taken by a diabetic patient
149
type 2 diabetes
insulin deficiency & resistance by target tissue to action of insulin
150
diabetic retinopathy
destruction of blood vessels in the retina as a secondary complication of diabetes mellitus
151
diabetic coma
unconsciousness caused by high levels of sugar in the blood; water leaves cells to balance the large amounts of sugar in the blood, leading to cellular dehydration
152
diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes
destruction of the kidney as a 2nd complication of diabetes mellitus
153
atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes
collection of fatty plaque in arteries
154
hyperglycemia
high level of sugar in the blood; insulin is unavailable or unable to transport sugar from the blood into cells
155
gastroparesis
decreased gastric motility, secondary complication of diabetes
156
insulin shock
hypoglycemic shock caused by an overdose of insulin, decreased intake of food, or excessive exercise
157
thyroid gland
radioactive compound is given & the thyroid is imaged using scanning device
158
fasting plasma glucose
measurement of blood sugar levels in a fasting patient (at least 4 hours) & after intervals of 30 minutes and 1,2 & 3 hours after ingestion of glucose
159
exophthalmometry
measurement of eyeball protrusion (symptoms of graves' disease)
160
thyroid function test (TFT)
measurement of T3, T4 & TSH in bloodstream

medical terminolgy (22 decks)

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