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chapter 13 Flashcards

blood

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

blood

A

transfers foods, gases, chemical messengers, blood proteins, white blood cells, platelets, and wastes to and from cells of the body

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2
Q

composition of blood:

A

-cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets
-plasma: water, wastes, nutrients, salts, hormones, lipids & vitamins

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3
Q

what is the percentage of cells making up the blood volume?

A

45%

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4
Q

erthyrocytes

A

red blood cells, transport nutrients & oxygen

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5
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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6
Q

thrombocytes (platelets)

A

clot blood

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7
Q

plasma proteins:

A

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen & prothrombin

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8
Q

type A blood

A

A antigen & anti-B antibody

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9
Q

type B blood

A

B antigen & anti-A antibody

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10
Q

type AB blood

A

A & B antigens and no antibodies (universal recipient)

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11
Q

type O blood

A

no A or B antigen and both anti-A & anti-B antibodies (universal donor)

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12
Q

coagulation

A

-blood clotting
-fibrin clot

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13
Q

anticoagulation

A

-prevent/no blood clotting
-heparin, warfarin (Coumadin)

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14
Q

albumin

A

protein in blood, maintains proper amount of water in blood

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15
Q

antibody (Ab)

A

specific protein produced by the lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses or other antigens

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16
Q

antigen

A

substance that stimulates production of an antibody

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17
Q

basophil

A

WBC that contains granules that stain blue, contains heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (involved in allergic responses)

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18
Q

bilirubin

A

orange-yellow pigment in bile, formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when RBCs are destroyed

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19
Q

colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

A

protein that stimulates growth of WBCs

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20
Q

differentiation (specialization)

A

change in structure and function of cell as it mature

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21
Q

electrophoresis

A

method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge & size

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22
Q

eosinophils

A

WBCs that contain granules that stain red, phagocytic cells involved in allergic responses & parasitic infections

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23
Q

erythroblast

A

immature red blood cell

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24
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hormone secreted by kidney that stimulates RBC formation

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25
Q

fibrin

A

protein that forms the basis of a blood clot

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26
Q

fibrinogen

A

plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

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27
Q

globulin

A

plasma protein

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28
Q

granulocyte

A

WBC with numerous dark-staining granules

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29
Q

hematopoietic stem cell

A

cell in bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells

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30
Q

hemoglobin

A

blood protein contain iron; carries oxygen in RBCs

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31
Q

hemolysis

A

breakdown of RBCs

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32
Q

heparin

A

anticoagulant found in blood & tissue cells

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33
Q

immune reaction

A

response of the immune system to foreign invasion

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34
Q

immunoglobulin

A

protein with antibody activity

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35
Q

lymphocyte

A

mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies

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36
Q

macrophage

A

monocyte that migrated from the blood to tissue space, as a phagocyte it engulfs foreign material & debris, destroys worn-out RBCs

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37
Q

megakaryocyte

A

large platelet precursor cell found in bone marrow

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38
Q

monocyte

A

leukocyte with one large nucleus, engulfs foreign material and debris, becomes macrophage

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39
Q

mononuclear

A

pertaining to cell (leukocyte) with single round nucleus

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40
Q

myeloblast

A

immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes

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41
Q

neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte)

A

granulocytic leukocytes formed in bone marrow that stain pink, phagocytic cells that accumulate at the site of infections

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42
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, nutrients, salts, lipids, hormones & vitamins

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43
Q

plasmapheresis

A

removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge

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44
Q

centrifuge

A

a device that uses centrifugal force to subject a specimen to a specified constant force that separates various components of a fluid

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45
Q

polymorphonuclear (neutrophil)

A

pertaining to a WBC with multi-shaped nucleus

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46
Q

prothrombin

A

plasma protein, converted to thrombin in the clotting process

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47
Q

reticulocyte

A

immature erythrocyte

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48
Q

Rh factor

A

antigen on RBCs of Rh positive (RH+) individuals

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49
Q

serum

A

plasma - clotting proteins & cells

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50
Q

stem cell

A

unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms

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51
Q

thrombin

A

enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

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52
Q

bas/o

A

base

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53
Q

chrom/o

A

color

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54
Q

coagul/o

A

clotting

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55
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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56
Q

eosin/o

A

red, dawn, rosy

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57
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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58
Q

granul/o

A

granules

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59
Q

hem/o & hemat/o

A

blood

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60
Q

hemoglobin/o

A

hemoglobin

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61
Q

is/o

A

same, equal

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62
Q

kary/o & nucle/o

A

nucleus

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63
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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64
Q

mon/o

A

one, single

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65
Q

morph/o

A

shape, form

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66
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

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67
Q

neutr/o

A

neutral

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68
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

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69
Q

poikil/o

A

varied, irregular

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70
Q

sider/o

A

iron

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71
Q

spher/o

A

globe, round

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72
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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73
Q

-apheresis

A

removal, carrying away

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74
Q

-blast

A

immature or embryonic cell

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75
Q

-cyte

A

cell

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76
Q

-cytosis

A

abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells)

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77
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

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78
Q

-gen

A

giving rise to, producing

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79
Q

-globin & -globulin

A

protein

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80
Q

-lytic

A

pertaining to destruction

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81
Q

-oid

A

derived, related to, originating from

82
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

83
Q

-penia

A

deficiency

84
Q

-phage

A

eat, swallow

85
Q

-philia

A

attraction for (increase in cell numbers)

86
Q

-phoresis

A

carrying, transmission

87
Q

-poiesis

A

formation

88
Q

-stasis

A

stop, control

89
Q

anemia

A

deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin

90
Q

aplastic anemia

A

failure of blood cell production due to aplasia or absence of cell formation of bone marrow cells

91
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

reduction in RBC’s due to excessive destruction

92
Q

pernicious anemia

A

lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into bloodstream

93
Q

sickle anemia

A

hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin-producing sickle shape erythrocytes and hemolysis

94
Q

thalassemia

A

inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin leading to hypochromia

95
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

lack of iron leading to insufficient hemoglobin production

96
Q

hemochromatosis

A

excess iron deposits throughout the body

97
Q

polycythemia vera (erythremia)

A

general increase in red blood cells

98
Q

hemophilia

A

excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII and IX necessary for blood clotting, patients often bleed into weight-bearing joint especially knees & ankles

99
Q

purpura

A

multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin

100
Q

leukemia

A

an increase in cancerous white blood cells

101
Q

granulocytosis

A

abnormal increase in granulocytes in blood

102
Q

mononucleois

A

an infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

103
Q

multiple myeloma

A

malignant neoplasm of bone marrow, malignant cells (lymphocytes called plasma cells that produce antibodies) destroy bone tissue and cause overproduction of immunoglobulins, including Bence Jones protein

104
Q

apheresis

A

separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select part from the blood

105
Q

blood transfusion

A

whole blood or cells taken from a donor and infused into a patient

106
Q

bone marrow biospy

A

microscopic examination of a core bone marrow removed with a needle

107
Q

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

A

peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor administered to a recipient

108
Q

Ab

A

antibody

109
Q

ABMT

A

autologous bone marrow transplantation

110
Q

ABO

A

four main blood types, A, B,AB,O

111
Q

ALL

A

acute lymphoid leukemia

112
Q

AML

A

acute myeloid leukemia

113
Q

ANC

A

absolute neutrophil count

114
Q

ASCT

A

autologous stem cell transplantation

115
Q

banda

A

immature white blood cells

116
Q

baso

A

basophils

117
Q

BMT

A

bone marrow transplantation

118
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

119
Q

CLC

A

chronic lymphoid leukemia

120
Q

CML

A

chronic myeloid leukemia

121
Q

DIC

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

122
Q

diff

A

differential count (WBCs)

123
Q

EBV

A

Epstein-Barr virus

124
Q

eos

A

eosinophils

125
Q

EPO

A

erythropoietin

126
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

127
Q

Fe

A

iron

128
Q

G-CSF

A

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

129
Q

GM-CSF

A

granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

130
Q

g/dL

A

gram per deciliter

131
Q

GVHD

A

graft-versus-host disease

132
Q

HCL

A

hairy cell leukemia

133
Q

Hct

A

hematocrit

134
Q

Hgh,HGB

A

hemoglobin

135
Q

H and H

A

hemoglobin and hematocrit

136
Q

HLA

A

human leukocyte antigen

137
Q

IgS,IgD,IgE,IgG,IgM

A

immunoglobulins

138
Q

ITP

A

idiopathic thrombocytes purpura

139
Q

lymphs

A

lymphocytes

140
Q

MCH

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin

141
Q

MCV

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

142
Q

MDS

A

myelodysplastic syndrome

143
Q

Mm3

A

cubic milimeter

144
Q

mono

A

monocyte

145
Q

polys,PMNs,PMNLs

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

146
Q

PT, pro time

A

prothrombin time

147
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboplastin time

148
Q

sed rate

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

149
Q

segs

A

segmented, mature white blood cell

150
Q

SMAC

A

sequential multiple analyzer computer

151
Q

WNL

A

within normal limits

152
Q

why can’t you transfuse blood from a type A donor into a type B recipient?

A

A antigens will react with the anti-A antibodies in the type B recipient bloodstream

153
Q

why can’t you transfuse blood from a type AB donor into a type O recipient?

A

A and B antigens will react with the anti-A & anti-B antibodies in the type O recipient bloodstream

154
Q

why is a person with type O blood the universal donor?

A

type O blood doesn’t contain A or B antigens and therefore will not react with antibodies in any recipient’s blood

155
Q

leukopenia

A

deficiency of white blood cells

156
Q

morphology

A

study of the shape of the form (of cells)

157
Q

sideropenia

A

deficiency of iron

158
Q

myelopoiesis

A

formation of bone marrow

159
Q

plateletpheresis

A

separation of platelets from the rest of the body

160
Q

monoblast

A

immature monocyte

161
Q

myelodysplasia

A

abnormal (ineffective) production of myeloid cells in bone marrow, myeloid progenitor cells give rise to erythrocytes, granulocytes, and platelets

162
Q

hemostasis

A

controlling or stopping the flow of blood

163
Q

thrombolytic (therapy)

A

pertaining to treatment using drugs to destroy clots

164
Q

hematopoiesis

A

formation of blood cells

165
Q

myeloid

A

derived in bone marrow

166
Q

neutropenia

A

deficiency of a type of WBCs

167
Q

hematocrit (Hct)

A

percentage of RBCs in a volume of blood

168
Q

eosinophilia

A

increase in a type of WBC (seen in allergies)

169
Q

leukopheresis

A

separation of WBCs from a blood sample

170
Q

coagulopathy

A

disease of the clotting process

171
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

deficiency of platelets

172
Q

poikilocytosis

A

any irregularity in the shape of RBCs

173
Q

hypochromic

A

pertaining to reduction of hemoglobin in RBCs

174
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation of RBCs

175
Q

anisocytosis

A

variation in the size of RBCs

176
Q

spherocytosis

A

abnormal numbers of round, rather than normally biconcave-shaped, RBCs

177
Q

microcytosis

A

increase in number of small RBCs

178
Q

granulocytosis

A

abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood (eosinophilia and basophilia)

179
Q

relapse

A

symptoms of disease return

180
Q

remission

A

symptoms of the disease disappear

181
Q

palliative

A

relieving but not curing

182
Q

Bence Jones protein

A

immunoglobulin fragment found in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma

183
Q

ecchymoses (bruises)

A

large blue or purplish patches on the skin

184
Q

pancytopenia

A

deficiency of all blood cells

185
Q

petechiae

A

tiny purple or flat red spots on the skin occurring as a result of small hemorrhages

186
Q

packed cells

A

preparation of erythrocytes separated from plasma

187
Q

red blood cell morphology

A

microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual RBCs

188
Q

platelet count

A

determines the number of clotting cells per mm3 of blood

189
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (sed rate)

A

speed at with erythrocytes settle out of plasma

190
Q

white blood cell differential (WBC)

A

percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood

191
Q

antiglobulin (Coombs) test

A

test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes

192
Q

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

A

peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are infused into a recipient’s vein to repopulate the bone marrow

193
Q

bone marrow biospy

A

microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle

194
Q

red blood cell count (RBC)

A

number erythrocytes per mm3 of blood

195
Q

autologous transfusion

A

blood is collected from and later reinfused into the same patient

196
Q

graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

A

immune reaction of donor’s cells/tissue to recipient;s cells/tissue, a possible outcome of hematopoietic stem cell or bone marrow transplantation

197
Q

acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)

A

malignant condition of WBCs, immature lymphocytes predominate

198
Q

prothrombin time (PT)

A

test used to follow patients who are taking certain anticoagulants

199
Q

chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

A

malignant condition of WBCs in which both mature and immature granulocytes are present slowly progressive illness

200
Q

chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL)

A

malignant condition of WBCs in which relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow, usually seen in elderly patients

201
Q

acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

A

malignant condition of WBCs, immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominate

medical terminolgy (22 decks)

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