chapter 13 Flashcards
blood
blood
transfers foods, gases, chemical messengers, blood proteins, white blood cells, platelets, and wastes to and from cells of the body
composition of blood:
-cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets
-plasma: water, wastes, nutrients, salts, hormones, lipids & vitamins
what is the percentage of cells making up the blood volume?
45%
erthyrocytes
red blood cells, transport nutrients & oxygen
leukocytes
white blood cells
thrombocytes (platelets)
clot blood
plasma proteins:
albumin, globulins, fibrinogen & prothrombin
type A blood
A antigen & anti-B antibody
type B blood
B antigen & anti-A antibody
type AB blood
A & B antigens and no antibodies (universal recipient)
type O blood
no A or B antigen and both anti-A & anti-B antibodies (universal donor)
coagulation
-blood clotting
-fibrin clot
anticoagulation
-prevent/no blood clotting
-heparin, warfarin (Coumadin)
albumin
protein in blood, maintains proper amount of water in blood
antibody (Ab)
specific protein produced by the lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses or other antigens
antigen
substance that stimulates production of an antibody
basophil
WBC that contains granules that stain blue, contains heparin (prevents clotting) and histamine (involved in allergic responses)
bilirubin
orange-yellow pigment in bile, formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when RBCs are destroyed
colony-stimulating factor (CSF)
protein that stimulates growth of WBCs
differentiation (specialization)
change in structure and function of cell as it mature
electrophoresis
method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge & size
eosinophils
WBCs that contain granules that stain red, phagocytic cells involved in allergic responses & parasitic infections
erythroblast
immature red blood cell
erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone secreted by kidney that stimulates RBC formation
fibrin
protein that forms the basis of a blood clot
fibrinogen
plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process
globulin
plasma protein
granulocyte
WBC with numerous dark-staining granules
hematopoietic stem cell
cell in bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells
hemoglobin
blood protein contain iron; carries oxygen in RBCs
hemolysis
breakdown of RBCs
heparin
anticoagulant found in blood & tissue cells
immune reaction
response of the immune system to foreign invasion
immunoglobulin
protein with antibody activity
lymphocyte
mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies
macrophage
monocyte that migrated from the blood to tissue space, as a phagocyte it engulfs foreign material & debris, destroys worn-out RBCs
megakaryocyte
large platelet precursor cell found in bone marrow
monocyte
leukocyte with one large nucleus, engulfs foreign material and debris, becomes macrophage
mononuclear
pertaining to cell (leukocyte) with single round nucleus
myeloblast
immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes
neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte)
granulocytic leukocytes formed in bone marrow that stain pink, phagocytic cells that accumulate at the site of infections
plasma
liquid portion of blood; contains water, proteins, nutrients, salts, lipids, hormones & vitamins
plasmapheresis
removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge
centrifuge
a device that uses centrifugal force to subject a specimen to a specified constant force that separates various components of a fluid
polymorphonuclear (neutrophil)
pertaining to a WBC with multi-shaped nucleus
prothrombin
plasma protein, converted to thrombin in the clotting process
reticulocyte
immature erythrocyte
Rh factor
antigen on RBCs of Rh positive (RH+) individuals
serum
plasma - clotting proteins & cells
stem cell
unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms
thrombin
enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation
bas/o
base
chrom/o
color
coagul/o
clotting
cyt/o
cell
eosin/o
red, dawn, rosy
erythr/o
red
granul/o
granules
hem/o & hemat/o
blood
hemoglobin/o
hemoglobin
is/o
same, equal
kary/o & nucle/o
nucleus
leuk/o
white
mon/o
one, single
morph/o
shape, form
myel/o
bone marrow
neutr/o
neutral
phag/o
eat, swallow
poikil/o
varied, irregular
sider/o
iron
spher/o
globe, round
thromb/o
clot
-apheresis
removal, carrying away
-blast
immature or embryonic cell
-cyte
cell
-cytosis
abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells)
-emia
blood condition
-gen
giving rise to, producing
-globin & -globulin
protein
-lytic
pertaining to destruction
-oid
derived, related to, originating from
-osis
abnormal condition
-penia
deficiency
-phage
eat, swallow
-philia
attraction for (increase in cell numbers)
-phoresis
carrying, transmission
-poiesis
formation
-stasis
stop, control
anemia
deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
aplastic anemia
failure of blood cell production due to aplasia or absence of cell formation of bone marrow cells
hemolytic anemia
reduction in RBC’s due to excessive destruction
pernicious anemia
lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into bloodstream
sickle anemia
hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin-producing sickle shape erythrocytes and hemolysis
thalassemia
inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin leading to hypochromia
iron deficiency anemia
lack of iron leading to insufficient hemoglobin production
hemochromatosis
excess iron deposits throughout the body
polycythemia vera (erythremia)
general increase in red blood cells
hemophilia
excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII and IX necessary for blood clotting, patients often bleed into weight-bearing joint especially knees & ankles
purpura
multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin
leukemia
an increase in cancerous white blood cells
granulocytosis
abnormal increase in granulocytes in blood
mononucleois
an infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes
multiple myeloma
malignant neoplasm of bone marrow, malignant cells (lymphocytes called plasma cells that produce antibodies) destroy bone tissue and cause overproduction of immunoglobulins, including Bence Jones protein
apheresis
separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select part from the blood
blood transfusion
whole blood or cells taken from a donor and infused into a patient
bone marrow biospy
microscopic examination of a core bone marrow removed with a needle
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor administered to a recipient
Ab
antibody
ABMT
autologous bone marrow transplantation
ABO
four main blood types, A, B,AB,O
ALL
acute lymphoid leukemia
AML
acute myeloid leukemia
ANC
absolute neutrophil count
ASCT
autologous stem cell transplantation
banda
immature white blood cells
baso
basophils
BMT
bone marrow transplantation
CBC
complete blood count
CLC
chronic lymphoid leukemia
CML
chronic myeloid leukemia
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
diff
differential count (WBCs)
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
eos
eosinophils
EPO
erythropoietin
ESR
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Fe
iron
G-CSF
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
GM-CSF
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
g/dL
gram per deciliter
GVHD
graft-versus-host disease
HCL
hairy cell leukemia
Hct
hematocrit
Hgh,HGB
hemoglobin
H and H
hemoglobin and hematocrit
HLA
human leukocyte antigen
IgS,IgD,IgE,IgG,IgM
immunoglobulins
ITP
idiopathic thrombocytes purpura
lymphs
lymphocytes
MCH
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
MCV
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
MDS
myelodysplastic syndrome
Mm3
cubic milimeter
mono
monocyte
polys,PMNs,PMNLs
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
PT, pro time
prothrombin time
PTT
partial thromboplastin time
sed rate
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
segs
segmented, mature white blood cell
SMAC
sequential multiple analyzer computer
WNL
within normal limits
why can’t you transfuse blood from a type A donor into a type B recipient?
A antigens will react with the anti-A antibodies in the type B recipient bloodstream
why can’t you transfuse blood from a type AB donor into a type O recipient?
A and B antigens will react with the anti-A & anti-B antibodies in the type O recipient bloodstream
why is a person with type O blood the universal donor?
type O blood doesn’t contain A or B antigens and therefore will not react with antibodies in any recipient’s blood
leukopenia
deficiency of white blood cells
morphology
study of the shape of the form (of cells)
sideropenia
deficiency of iron
myelopoiesis
formation of bone marrow
plateletpheresis
separation of platelets from the rest of the body
monoblast
immature monocyte
myelodysplasia
abnormal (ineffective) production of myeloid cells in bone marrow, myeloid progenitor cells give rise to erythrocytes, granulocytes, and platelets
hemostasis
controlling or stopping the flow of blood
thrombolytic (therapy)
pertaining to treatment using drugs to destroy clots
hematopoiesis
formation of blood cells
myeloid
derived in bone marrow
neutropenia
deficiency of a type of WBCs
hematocrit (Hct)
percentage of RBCs in a volume of blood
eosinophilia
increase in a type of WBC (seen in allergies)
leukopheresis
separation of WBCs from a blood sample
coagulopathy
disease of the clotting process
thrombocytopenia
deficiency of platelets
poikilocytosis
any irregularity in the shape of RBCs
hypochromic
pertaining to reduction of hemoglobin in RBCs
erythropoiesis
formation of RBCs
anisocytosis
variation in the size of RBCs
spherocytosis
abnormal numbers of round, rather than normally biconcave-shaped, RBCs
microcytosis
increase in number of small RBCs
granulocytosis
abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood (eosinophilia and basophilia)
relapse
symptoms of disease return
remission
symptoms of the disease disappear
palliative
relieving but not curing
Bence Jones protein
immunoglobulin fragment found in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma
ecchymoses (bruises)
large blue or purplish patches on the skin
pancytopenia
deficiency of all blood cells
petechiae
tiny purple or flat red spots on the skin occurring as a result of small hemorrhages
packed cells
preparation of erythrocytes separated from plasma
red blood cell morphology
microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual RBCs
platelet count
determines the number of clotting cells per mm3 of blood
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (sed rate)
speed at with erythrocytes settle out of plasma
white blood cell differential (WBC)
percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood
antiglobulin (Coombs) test
test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are infused into a recipient’s vein to repopulate the bone marrow
bone marrow biospy
microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle
red blood cell count (RBC)
number erythrocytes per mm3 of blood
autologous transfusion
blood is collected from and later reinfused into the same patient
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
immune reaction of donor’s cells/tissue to recipient;s cells/tissue, a possible outcome of hematopoietic stem cell or bone marrow transplantation
acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)
malignant condition of WBCs, immature lymphocytes predominate
prothrombin time (PT)
test used to follow patients who are taking certain anticoagulants
chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
malignant condition of WBCs in which both mature and immature granulocytes are present slowly progressive illness
chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL)
malignant condition of WBCs in which relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow, usually seen in elderly patients
acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
malignant condition of WBCs, immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominate