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chapter 7 Flashcards

urinary system

1
Q

nitrogenous wastes that urinary system gets rid of:

A

urea, creatinine, and uric acid

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2
Q

functions of the kidney:

A

-filter nitrogenous wastes from urine
-filter about 200 quarts of blood every day to form 2 quarts of urine
-maintain the proper balance of water, electrolytes, and acids
-release hormones
-degrade and eliminate hormones from blood stream

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3
Q

renin hormone

A

enzyme important in adjusting blood pressure

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4
Q

erythropoietin (EPO) hormone

A

stimulated red blood production in bone marrow

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5
Q

calciferol hormone

A

active form of vitamin D necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine

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6
Q

organs of the urinary system:

A

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra

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7
Q

how kidneys produce urine

A

-blood enters the kidney through the right & left renal arteries
-arterioles carry blood to the capillaries
-glomeruli filter the blood
-glomerulus (bowman) capsule surrounds each glomerulus
-renal tubule attached to each bowman capsule

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8
Q

what are the three steps in the formation of urine?

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption & tubular secretion

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9
Q

glomerular filtration

A

water, sugar, salts

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10
Q

tubular resbsorption

A

water, sugar, sodium

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11
Q

tubular secretion

A

acids, potassium, drugs

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12
Q

arteriole

A

small artery

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13
Q

calyx/calix

A

cuplike collecting region of the renal pelvic

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14
Q

catheter

A

tube for injecting or removing fluids

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15
Q

cortex

A

outer region of kidney

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16
Q

creatinine

A

nitrogenous waste excreted in urine due to muscle metabolism

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17
Q

electrolyte

A

chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water

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18
Q

filtration

A

process whereby some substances pass through a filter

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19
Q

glomerular capsule(bowman capsule)

A

enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus

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20
Q

glomerulus

A

tiny ball of capillaries in kidney

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21
Q

hilum

A

depression in kidney where blood vessels & nerves enter & leave

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22
Q

kidney

A

one of two bean-shaped organs that filter nitrogenous waste from bloodstream to form urine

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23
Q

meatus

A

opening or canal

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24
Q

medulla

A

inner region of an organ

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25
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of the kidney where filtration, reabsorption & secretion take place

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26
Q

nitrogenous waste

A

a substance containing nitrogen and excreted urine

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27
Q

potassium (K+)

A

an electrolyte regulated by the kidney

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28
Q

reabsorption

A

renal tubules return material necessary to body back into bloodstream

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29
Q

renal artery

A

blood vessel that carries blood to kidneys

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30
Q

renal pelvis

A

central collection region in the kidney

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31
Q

renal tubules

A

microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration

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32
Q

renal vein

A

blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney

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33
Q

sodium (Na+)

A

electrolyte regulated in blood and urine in kidneys(sodium chloride)

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34
Q

trigone

A

triangular are in the urinary bladder

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35
Q

urea

A

major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

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36
Q

ureter

A

one of two tubes leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder

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37
Q

urethra

A

tube leading from urinary bladder to the outside of the body

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38
Q

uric acid

A

nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

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39
Q

urinary bladder

A

hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine

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40
Q

urination(voiding & micturition)

A

process of expelling urine

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41
Q

cali/o & calic/o

A

calyx (calix)

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42
Q

cyst/o

A

urinary bladder

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43
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

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44
Q

meat/o

A

meatus

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45
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

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46
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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47
Q

ren/o

A

kidney

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48
Q

trigon/o

A

trigone

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49
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

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50
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

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51
Q

vesic/o

A

urinary bladder

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52
Q

albumin/o

A

albumin (protein)

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53
Q

azot/o

A

nitrogen

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54
Q

bacteri/o

A

bacteria

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55
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

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56
Q

kal/o

A

potassium

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57
Q

ket/o & keton/o

A

ketone bodies, acetones

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58
Q

lith/o

A

stones

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59
Q

natr/o

A

sodium

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60
Q

noct/o

A

night

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61
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

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62
Q

-poietin

A

substance that forms

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63
Q

py/o

A

pus

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64
Q

-trispy

A

to crush

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65
Q

ur/o

66
Q

-uria

A

urination, urine condition

67
Q

urin/o

68
Q

-lithiasis

A

condition of stones

69
Q

-lithotomy

A

incision for removal of stones

70
Q

urinalysis

A

-test of your urine
-used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease & diabetes

71
Q

tests included in urinalysis

A

-color, appearance & pH
-protein, glucose, phenylketonuria & specific gravity
-ketone bodies, sediments & bilirubin

72
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of glomeruli in kidney

73
Q

interstitial nephtitis

A

inflammation of connective tissue inbetween renal tubules

74
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

kidney stones

75
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

excessive amount of protein in urine

76
Q

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A

kidney contains masses of cysts

77
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of renal pelvis

78
Q

renal cell carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of kidneys in adults

79
Q

renal failure

A

increase of waste due to failure of filtration

80
Q

renal hypertension

A

high blood pressure as a result of renal disease

81
Q

Wilms tumor

A

malignant tumor in kidney in children

82
Q

bladder cancer

A

malignant tumor on urinary bladder

83
Q

diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

inadequate secretion or resistance of the kidney to the action of antidiuretic hormone

84
Q

diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

inadequate secretion of insulin or improper utilization of insulin

85
Q

blood urine nitrogen (BUN)

A

measurement of urea in urine

86
Q

CT urography

A

scan with contrast that shows benign cyst on kidney

87
Q

creatinine clearance test

A

measurement of creatinine released

88
Q

x-ray stdies on urinary system

A

-CT urography
-kidney, ureters, & bladder (KUB)
-renal angiography
-retrograde pyelogram (RP)
-voiding cystourethrogram

89
Q

voiding cystourethrogram

A

the bladder is filled with contrast material followed by an x-ray through the urethra

90
Q

ultrasonography

A

imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves

91
Q

radioisotope scan

A

imaging of kidney after injecting radioisotope into blood stream

92
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) urography

A

changing magnetic field produces an image of an organ and surrounding structures

93
Q

cystoscopy

A

direct visual examination of the urinary bladder with an endoscope

94
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

95
Q

AKI

A

acute renal injury

96
Q

ARF

A

acute renal failure

97
Q

BILI

98
Q

CAPD

A

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

99
Q

cath

A

catheter, catheterization

100
Q

CCPD

A

continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis

101
Q

CKD

A

chronic kidney disease

102
Q

Cl-

A

chloride (kidney excretion)

103
Q

CrCl

A

creatinine clearance

104
Q

CRF

A

chronic renal failure

105
Q

C & S

A

culture and sensitivity training

106
Q

cysto

A

cystoscopic examination

107
Q

eGFR

A

estimated glomerular filtration rate

108
Q

ERSD

A

end-stage renal disease

109
Q

ESWL

A

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

110
Q

HCO3

A

bicarbonate (electrolyte conserved by kidney)

111
Q

HD

A

hemodyalysis

112
Q

IC

A

interstitial cystitis: chronic inflammation of bladder wall

113
Q

IVP

A

intravenous pyelogram

114
Q

K+

A

potassium (electrolyte)

115
Q

KUB

A

kidney, ureter & bladder

116
Q

Na+

A

sodium (electrolyte)

117
Q

PD

A

peritoneal dialysis

118
Q

pH

A

potential hydrogen, degree of acidity or alkalinity

119
Q

PKD

A

phenylketonuria

120
Q

sp gr

A

specific gravity

121
Q

UA

A

urinalysis

122
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection

123
Q

VCUG

A

voiding cystourethrogram

124
Q

pathway of urine from renal arteries to when urine leaves the body:

A

-glomerulus, glomerular capsule, renal tubule, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, urinary meatus

125
Q

vesicoureteral reflux

A

backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter

126
Q

nocturia

A

frequent urination at night

127
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination

128
Q

oliguria

A

scanty urination

129
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urination

130
Q

anuria

A

no urination

131
Q

pyuria

A

turbid (cloudy) urine caused by the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes & pus

132
Q

albumimuria

A

leaky glomeruli can produce accumulation of protein in urine

133
Q

hematuria

A

smoky-red color of urine caused by the presence of blood

134
Q

glycouria

A

sugar in the urine, a sign of diabetes mellitus and a result of hyperglycemia

135
Q

ketonuira

A

high levels of acids and acetones accumulate in urine as a result of abnormal fat breakdown

136
Q

azotemia

A

excessive nitrogenous waste in bloodstream

137
Q

polysipsia

A

condition of much thirst

138
Q

urinary incontinence

A

inability to hold urine in bladder

139
Q

enuresis

A

bedwetting

140
Q

urinary retention

A

inability to release urine from bladder

141
Q

ketosis

A

abnormal condition of ketone (acids) bodies in blood & body tissues

142
Q

uremia

A

toxic condition of excess urea in bloodstream

143
Q

diuresis

A

excessive production of urine (polyuria)

144
Q

diuretic

A

drug/chemical that causes diuresis to occur

145
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

produced by pituitary gland that normally helps the renal tubules to reabsorb water back into bloodstream and help retain water in blood

146
Q

hyponatremia

A

abnormally low levels of sodium in bloodstream

147
Q

hyperkalemia

A

abnormally high concentration of potassium in blood

148
Q

phenylketonuria (PKD)

A

occurs when there are high levels of phenylketones in urine and phenylalanine in the blood

149
Q

sediment

A

abnormal particles present in urine (cells, bacteria, casts & crystals)

150
Q

specific gravity

A

urine test that reflects the concentration of the urine

151
Q

polycystic kidney

A

multiple fluid-filled sacs form in and on the kidney

152
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of renal pelvis and parenchyma

153
Q

essential hypertension

A

idiopathic high blood pressure

154
Q

edema

A

swelling, fluid in tissues

155
Q

stricture

A

narrowed area in a tube

156
Q

abscess

A

collection of pus

157
Q

secondary hypertension

A

high blood pressure caused by kidney disease or another disease

158
Q

nephroptosis

A

prolapse of kidney

159
Q

renal colic

A

severe pain resulting from a stone that is blocking a ureter or a kidney

160
Q

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

A

dialysate (fluid) is injected into peritoneal cavity and drained out

161
Q

retrograde pyelogram

A

contrast is injected into urinary bladder and ureters and x-ray pictures of urinary tract are taken

162
Q

hemodialysis

A

a machine removes nitrogenous wastes from the patient’s blood

medical terminolgy (22 decks)

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