chapter 7 Flashcards
urinary system
1
Q
nitrogenous wastes that urinary system gets rid of:
A
urea, creatinine, and uric acid
2
Q
functions of the kidney:
A
-filter nitrogenous wastes from urine
-filter about 200 quarts of blood every day to form 2 quarts of urine
-maintain the proper balance of water, electrolytes, and acids
-release hormones
-degrade and eliminate hormones from blood stream
3
Q
renin hormone
A
enzyme important in adjusting blood pressure
4
Q
erythropoietin (EPO) hormone
A
stimulated red blood production in bone marrow
5
Q
calciferol hormone
A
active form of vitamin D necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine
6
Q
organs of the urinary system:
A
kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
7
Q
how kidneys produce urine
A
-blood enters the kidney through the right & left renal arteries
-arterioles carry blood to the capillaries
-glomeruli filter the blood
-glomerulus (bowman) capsule surrounds each glomerulus
-renal tubule attached to each bowman capsule
8
Q
what are the three steps in the formation of urine?
A
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption & tubular secretion
9
Q
glomerular filtration
A
water, sugar, salts
10
Q
tubular resbsorption
A
water, sugar, sodium
11
Q
tubular secretion
A
acids, potassium, drugs
12
Q
arteriole
A
small artery
13
Q
calyx/calix
A
cuplike collecting region of the renal pelvic
14
Q
catheter
A
tube for injecting or removing fluids
15
Q
cortex
A
outer region of kidney
16
Q
creatinine
A
nitrogenous waste excreted in urine due to muscle metabolism
17
Q
electrolyte
A
chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water
18
Q
filtration
A
process whereby some substances pass through a filter
19
Q
glomerular capsule(bowman capsule)
A
enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus
20
Q
glomerulus
A
tiny ball of capillaries in kidney
21
Q
hilum
A
depression in kidney where blood vessels & nerves enter & leave
22
Q
kidney
A
one of two bean-shaped organs that filter nitrogenous waste from bloodstream to form urine
23
Q
meatus
A
opening or canal
24
Q
medulla
A
inner region of an organ
25
nephron
functional unit of the kidney where filtration, reabsorption & secretion take place
26
nitrogenous waste
a substance containing nitrogen and excreted urine
27
potassium (K+)
an electrolyte regulated by the kidney
28
reabsorption
renal tubules return material necessary to body back into bloodstream
29
renal artery
blood vessel that carries blood to kidneys
30
renal pelvis
central collection region in the kidney
31
renal tubules
microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration
32
renal vein
blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney
33
sodium (Na+)
electrolyte regulated in blood and urine in kidneys(sodium chloride)
34
trigone
triangular are in the urinary bladder
35
urea
major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
36
ureter
one of two tubes leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder
37
urethra
tube leading from urinary bladder to the outside of the body
38
uric acid
nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
39
urinary bladder
hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine
40
urination(voiding & micturition)
process of expelling urine
41
cali/o & calic/o
calyx (calix)
42
cyst/o
urinary bladder
43
glomerul/o
glomerulus
44
meat/o
meatus
45
nephr/o
kidney
46
pyel/o
renal pelvis
47
ren/o
kidney
48
trigon/o
trigone
49
ureter/o
ureter
50
urethr/o
urethra
51
vesic/o
urinary bladder
52
albumin/o
albumin (protein)
53
azot/o
nitrogen
54
bacteri/o
bacteria
55
dips/o
thirst
56
kal/o
potassium
57
ket/o & keton/o
ketone bodies, acetones
58
lith/o
stones
59
natr/o
sodium
60
noct/o
night
61
olig/o
scanty
62
-poietin
substance that forms
63
py/o
pus
64
-trispy
to crush
65
ur/o
urea
66
-uria
urination, urine condition
67
urin/o
urine
68
-lithiasis
condition of stones
69
-lithotomy
incision for removal of stones
70
urinalysis
-test of your urine
-used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease & diabetes
71
tests included in urinalysis
-color, appearance & pH
-protein, glucose, phenylketonuria & specific gravity
-ketone bodies, sediments & bilirubin
72
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of glomeruli in kidney
73
interstitial nephtitis
inflammation of connective tissue inbetween renal tubules
74
nephrolithiasis
kidney stones
75
nephrotic syndrome
excessive amount of protein in urine
76
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
kidney contains masses of cysts
77
pyelonephritis
inflammation of renal pelvis
78
renal cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of kidneys in adults
79
renal failure
increase of waste due to failure of filtration
80
renal hypertension
high blood pressure as a result of renal disease
81
Wilms tumor
malignant tumor in kidney in children
82
bladder cancer
malignant tumor on urinary bladder
83
diabetes insipidus (DI)
inadequate secretion or resistance of the kidney to the action of antidiuretic hormone
84
diabetes mellitus (DM)
inadequate secretion of insulin or improper utilization of insulin
85
blood urine nitrogen (BUN)
measurement of urea in urine
86
CT urography
scan with contrast that shows benign cyst on kidney
87
creatinine clearance test
measurement of creatinine released
88
x-ray stdies on urinary system
-CT urography
-kidney, ureters, & bladder (KUB)
-renal angiography
-retrograde pyelogram (RP)
-voiding cystourethrogram
89
voiding cystourethrogram
the bladder is filled with contrast material followed by an x-ray through the urethra
90
ultrasonography
imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves
91
radioisotope scan
imaging of kidney after injecting radioisotope into blood stream
92
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) urography
changing magnetic field produces an image of an organ and surrounding structures
93
cystoscopy
direct visual examination of the urinary bladder with an endoscope
94
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
95
AKI
acute renal injury
96
ARF
acute renal failure
97
BILI
bilirubin
98
CAPD
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
99
cath
catheter, catheterization
100
CCPD
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
101
CKD
chronic kidney disease
102
Cl-
chloride (kidney excretion)
103
CrCl
creatinine clearance
104
CRF
chronic renal failure
105
C & S
culture and sensitivity training
106
cysto
cystoscopic examination
107
eGFR
estimated glomerular filtration rate
108
ERSD
end-stage renal disease
109
ESWL
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
110
HCO3
bicarbonate (electrolyte conserved by kidney)
111
HD
hemodyalysis
112
IC
interstitial cystitis: chronic inflammation of bladder wall
113
IVP
intravenous pyelogram
114
K+
potassium (electrolyte)
115
KUB
kidney, ureter & bladder
116
Na+
sodium (electrolyte)
117
PD
peritoneal dialysis
118
pH
potential hydrogen, degree of acidity or alkalinity
119
PKD
phenylketonuria
120
sp gr
specific gravity
121
UA
urinalysis
122
UTI
urinary tract infection
123
VCUG
voiding cystourethrogram
124
pathway of urine from renal arteries to when urine leaves the body:
-glomerulus, glomerular capsule, renal tubule, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, urinary meatus
125
vesicoureteral reflux
backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter
126
nocturia
frequent urination at night
127
dysuria
painful urination
128
oliguria
scanty urination
129
polyuria
excessive urination
130
anuria
no urination
131
pyuria
turbid (cloudy) urine caused by the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes & pus
132
albumimuria
leaky glomeruli can produce accumulation of protein in urine
133
hematuria
smoky-red color of urine caused by the presence of blood
134
glycouria
sugar in the urine, a sign of diabetes mellitus and a result of hyperglycemia
135
ketonuira
high levels of acids and acetones accumulate in urine as a result of abnormal fat breakdown
136
azotemia
excessive nitrogenous waste in bloodstream
137
polysipsia
condition of much thirst
138
urinary incontinence
inability to hold urine in bladder
139
enuresis
bedwetting
140
urinary retention
inability to release urine from bladder
141
ketosis
abnormal condition of ketone (acids) bodies in blood & body tissues
142
uremia
toxic condition of excess urea in bloodstream
143
diuresis
excessive production of urine (polyuria)
144
diuretic
drug/chemical that causes diuresis to occur
145
antidiuretic hormone
produced by pituitary gland that normally helps the renal tubules to reabsorb water back into bloodstream and help retain water in blood
146
hyponatremia
abnormally low levels of sodium in bloodstream
147
hyperkalemia
abnormally high concentration of potassium in blood
148
phenylketonuria (PKD)
occurs when there are high levels of phenylketones in urine and phenylalanine in the blood
149
sediment
abnormal particles present in urine (cells, bacteria, casts & crystals)
150
specific gravity
urine test that reflects the concentration of the urine
151
polycystic kidney
multiple fluid-filled sacs form in and on the kidney
152
pyelonephritis
inflammation of renal pelvis and parenchyma
153
essential hypertension
idiopathic high blood pressure
154
edema
swelling, fluid in tissues
155
stricture
narrowed area in a tube
156
abscess
collection of pus
157
secondary hypertension
high blood pressure caused by kidney disease or another disease
158
nephroptosis
prolapse of kidney
159
renal colic
severe pain resulting from a stone that is blocking a ureter or a kidney
160
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
dialysate (fluid) is injected into peritoneal cavity and drained out
161
retrograde pyelogram
contrast is injected into urinary bladder and ureters and x-ray pictures of urinary tract are taken
162
hemodialysis
a machine removes nitrogenous wastes from the patient's blood
