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medical terminolgy > chapter 17 > Flashcards

chapter 17 Flashcards

sense organs: the eye & ear

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

accommodation

A

normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objectives from far to near

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2
Q

anterior chamber

A

the area behind the cornea and in front of the lens & iris

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3
Q

aqueous humor

A

fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in anterior chamber

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4
Q

biconvex

A

consisting of two surfaces that are round, elevated & curved evenly (lens of the eye)

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5
Q

choroid

A

middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina & sclera

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6
Q

ciliary body

A

structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid & iris; controls shape of lens & secretes aqueous humor

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7
Q

cone

A

photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse; responsible for color & central vision

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8
Q

conjunctiva

A

delicate membrane that lines the undersurface of eyelids & covers anterior eyeball

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9
Q

cornea

A

fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of eyeball

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10
Q

fovea centralis

A

tiny depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision

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11
Q

fundus of the eye

A

posterior, inner part of the eye

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12
Q

iris

A

pigmented layer that opens and closes to allow more or less light into the eye

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13
Q

macula

A

yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc

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14
Q

optic chiasm

A

the point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain

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15
Q

optic disc (blind spot)

A

the region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina

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16
Q

optic nerve

A

cranial nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain

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17
Q

pupil

A

central opening of the eye, surrounded by the iris, through which light rays pass

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18
Q

refraction

A

bending of light rays by the by the cornea, lens & fluids of the eye to bring the rays into focus on the retina

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19
Q

retina

A

light-sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells

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20
Q

rod

A

photoreceptor cell of retina essential for vision in the dim light and for peripheral vision

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21
Q

sclera

A

tough, white outer coat of the eyeball

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22
Q

thalamus

A

relay center of the brain

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23
Q

vitreous humor

A

soft, jelly-like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber

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24
Q

aque/o

A

water

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25
Q

blephar/o

A

eyelid

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26
Q

conjunctiv/o

A

conjunctiva

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27
Q

cor/o

A

pupil

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28
Q

corne/o

A

cornea

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29
Q

cycl/o

A

ciliary body

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30
Q

dacry/o

A

tears, tear duct

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31
Q

ir/o & irid/o

A

iris

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32
Q

kerat/o

A

cornea

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33
Q

lacrim/o

A

tears

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34
Q

ocul/o & opthalm/o

A

eye

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35
Q

opt/o & optic/o

A

eye, vision

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36
Q

palpebr/o

A

eyelid

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37
Q

papill/o

A

optic disc

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38
Q

phac/o & phak/o

A

lens of eye

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39
Q

pupill/o

A

pupil

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40
Q

retin/o

A

retina

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41
Q

scler/o

A

sclera (white of eye)

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42
Q

uve/o

A

uvea

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43
Q

vitre/o

A

glassy

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44
Q

ambyl/o

A

dull, dim

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45
Q

dipl/o

A

double

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46
Q

glauc/o

A

gray

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47
Q

mi/o

A

smaller, less

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48
Q

mydr/o

A

widen, enlarge

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49
Q

nyct/o

A

night

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50
Q

phot/o

A

light

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51
Q

presby/o

A

old age

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52
Q

scot/o

A

darkness

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53
Q

xer/o

A

dry

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54
Q

-opia & -opsia

A

vision

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55
Q

-tropia

A

to turn

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56
Q

ALT

A

argon laser trabeculoplasty

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57
Q

AMD

A

age-related macular degeneration

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58
Q

HEENT

A

head, eyes, ears, nose & throat

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59
Q

IOL

A

intraocular lens

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60
Q

IOP

A

intraocular pressure

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61
Q

LASER

A

light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

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62
Q

LASIK

A

laser in situ keratomileus

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63
Q

OD

A

right eye; doctor optometry

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64
Q

OS

A

left eye

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65
Q

OU

A

both eyes

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66
Q

PERRLA

A

pupil equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation

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67
Q

POAG

A

primary, open-angle glaucoma

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68
Q

PRK

A

photorefractive keratectomy

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69
Q

SLT

A

selective laser trabeculoplasty

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70
Q

VA

A

visual activity

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71
Q

VF

A

visual field

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72
Q

auditory canal

A

channel that leads from the pinna to the eardrum

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73
Q

auditory meatus

A

auditory canal opening

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74
Q

auditory nerve fibers

A

carry impulses from the inner ear to the brain

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75
Q

auditory tube (eustachian tube)

A

channel between the middle ear & nasopharynx

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76
Q

auricle (pinna)

A

flap of the ear; protruding part of external ear

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77
Q

cerumen (earwax)

A

waxy substance secreted by the external ear

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78
Q

cochlea

A

snail-shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear

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79
Q

eustachian tube

A

auditory tube

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80
Q

incus

A

second ossicle of the middle ear

81
Q

labrinyth

A

maze-like series of canals of the inner ear

82
Q

malleus

A

first ossicle of the middle ear

83
Q

organ of corti

A

sensitive auditory receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear

84
Q

ossicle

A

small bone of the ear

85
Q

oval window

A

membrane between the middle ear & inner ear

86
Q

perilymph

A

fluid contained in the labyrinth of the inner ear

87
Q

pinna (auricle)

A

flap of ear

88
Q

endolymph

A

fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear

89
Q

semicircular canals

A

passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium

90
Q

stapes

A

third ossicle of the inner ear

91
Q

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A

membrane between the outer &middle ear

92
Q

vestibule

A

central cavity of the labyrinth, connecting the semicircular canals & the cochlea

93
Q

acous/o, audi/o & audit/o

A

hearing

94
Q

aur/o & auricul/o

A

ear

95
Q

cochle/o

A

cochlea

96
Q

mastoid/o

A

mastoid process

97
Q

myring/o

A

eardrum, tympanic membrane

98
Q

ossicul/o

A

ossicle

99
Q

ot/o

A

ear

100
Q

salping/o

A

eustachian tube

101
Q

staped/o

A

stapes

102
Q

tyman/o

A

eardrum, tympanic memebrane

103
Q

vestibul/o

A

vestibule

104
Q

-acusis & -cusis

A

hearing

105
Q

-meter

A

instrument for measure

106
Q

-otia

A

ear condition

107
Q

-metry

A

process of measurement

108
Q

-phobia

A

fear

109
Q

-plegic

A

paralysis, palsy

110
Q

AD

A

right ear

111
Q

AOM

A

acute otitis media

112
Q

AS

A

left ear

113
Q

EENT

A

eyes, ears, nose & throat

114
Q

ENG

A

electronystagmography

115
Q

ENT

A

ears, nose & throat

116
Q

ETD

A

eustachian tube dysfunction

117
Q

PE tube

A

pressure-equalizing tube

118
Q

SOM

A

serous otitis media

119
Q

pathway of light rays to the visual region of the brain:

A

cornea -> anterior chamber & aqeous humor -> pupil -> lens -> vitreous chmaber & vitreous humor -> retina -> optic nerve fibers -> optic chiasm -> thalamus -> cerebral cortex (occipital lobe)

120
Q

anisocoria

A

condition of pupils of unequal size

121
Q

cycloplegic

A

pertaining to paralysis of ciliary muscles, which would result in dilation or enlargement of the pupil

122
Q

palpebral

A

pertaining to the eyelid

123
Q

mydriasis

A

condition of enlargement of the pupil

124
Q

miosis

A

condition of constriction of the pupil

125
Q

papilledema

A

swelling in the region of the optic disc

126
Q

photophobia

A

condition of sensitivity to (“fear of”) light

127
Q

scotoma

A

blind spot; area of darkened (diminished) vision surrounded by clear vision

128
Q

corneal ulcer

A

fibrous layer of clear tissue over the front of the eyeball has a defect resulting from infections

129
Q

uveitis

A

inflammation of the vascular layer of the eye (iris, ciliary body & choroid)

130
Q

xerophthalmia

A

condition of dry eyes

131
Q

hemianopsia

A

absence of vision in half of the visual field

132
Q

exotropia

A

eye abnormally turns outward

133
Q

ophthalmologist

A

medical doctor who treats diseases of the eyes

134
Q

optometrist

A

nonmedical professional who can examine eyes & prescribe glasses

135
Q

optician

A

nonmedical professional who grinds lenses and fits glasses

136
Q

aphakia

A

absence of the lens of the eye

137
Q

esotropia

A

eye abnormally turn inward

138
Q

amblyopia

A

decreased (dim) vision; lazy eye (resulting from strabismus & uncorrected refractive errors in childhood)

139
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness

140
Q

presbyopia

A

decreased vision at near, resulting from increasing age

141
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness

142
Q

nyctalopia

A

night blindness; decreased vision at night

143
Q

diplopia

A

double vision

144
Q

astigmatism

A

defective curvature of the lens and/or cornea leading to blurred vision

145
Q

in the myopic eye, light rays don’t focus properly on the retina, either the eyeball is too long or the refractive power of the lens is too strong so that the image is blurred & comes to a focus in front of the retina, this type of lens is correct this refractive error?

A

concave lens

146
Q

in the hyperopic eye, the eyeball is too short or the refractive power of the lens is too weak, so that the image is blurred & focused in the back of the rent, the type of lens used to correct this refractive error?

A

convex lens

147
Q

miotic drug

A

drug that constricts the pupil of the eye

148
Q

mydriatic drug

A

drug that dilates the pupil of the eye

149
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

retinal microaneurysms, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins & neovascularization occur secondary to an abnormal endocrine condition

150
Q

retinal detachment

A

two layers of the retina separate from each other

151
Q

strabismus

A

abnormal deviation of the eye occur (esotropia & exotropia)

152
Q

cataract

A

clouding of the lens causes decreased vision

153
Q

macular degeneration

A

loss of central vision caused by deterioration of the macula of the retina

154
Q

hordeolum (stye)

A

localized, purulent infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid

155
Q

chalazion

A

small, firm, cystic mass on the eyelid; formed as a result of chronic inflammation of a sebaceous gland

156
Q

glaucoma

A

increased intraocular pressure damages the retina & optic nerve

157
Q

retinitis pigmentosa

A

pigmented scarring forms throughout the retina

158
Q

nystagmus

A

repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes

159
Q

stroke (hemianopsia)

A

loss of half of the visual field caused by a stroke affecting the left visual cortex

160
Q

phacoemulsification

A

ultrasonic vibrations break up the lens & the fragments are aspirated from the eye

161
Q

visual activity acuity test

A

test of clearness of vision

162
Q

tonometry

A

measurement of tension or pressure within the eye, glaucoma test

163
Q

laser photocoagulation

A

high-energy light radiation beams are used to stop retinal hemorrhaging

164
Q

LASIK

A

laser removes corneal tissue (sculpts it) to correct myopia

165
Q

fluorescein angiography

A

intravenous injection of dye followed by photographs of the eye through dilated pupils

166
Q

scleral buckle

A

suture of a silicone band to the sclera to correct retinal detachment

167
Q

visual field test

A

test to measure central & peripheral vision (area within which objects are seen) when the eyes are looking straight ahead

168
Q

vitrectomy

A

removal (and replacement) of diseased fluid in the chamber behind the lens of the eye

169
Q

opthalmoscopy

A

visual examination of the interior of the eye after dilation of the pupil

170
Q

slit lamp microscopy

A

use of an instrument for microscopic examination of parts of the eye

171
Q

keratoplasty

A

corneal transplant surgery

172
Q

transmission of sound waves to the brain from the outer ear:

A

pinna (auricle) -> external auditory canal -> tympanic membrane -> malleus -> incus -> stapes -> oval window -> cochlea -> auditory liquids & receptors -> auditory nerve fiber -> cerbral cortex

173
Q

otoscope

A

instrument to examine the ear

174
Q

salpingopharyngeal

A

pertaining to the auditory tube & throat

175
Q

otopyorrhea

A

flow of puss from the ear

176
Q

audiometer

A

instrument to measure hearing

177
Q

presbycusis

A

deafness due to old age

178
Q

microtia

A

small ear

179
Q

otitis media

A

inflammation of the middle ear (ear infection)

180
Q

vertigo

A

sensation of irregular or whirling motion either of oneself or of external objects

181
Q

meniere disease

A

disorder of the labyrinth marked by elevation of ear fluids & pressure within the cochlea (tinnitus, vertigo & nausea result)

182
Q

otosclerosis

A

hardening in the bony tissue of the ossicles of the middle ear

183
Q

tinnitus

A

sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing, whistling, booming) in the ears

184
Q

cholesteatoma

A

collection of skin cells & cholesterol in a sac within the middle

185
Q

suppurative otitis media

A

inflammation of the middle war with bacterial infection & pus collection

186
Q

acoustic neuroma

A

benign tumor arising from 8th cranial nerve, causing tinnitus, vertigo, dizziness & decreased hearing

187
Q

deafness

A

loss of ability to hear

188
Q

electronystagmography (ENG)

A

a test of balance

189
Q

PE tube process

A

ventilating tube placed in the eardrum

190
Q

photopsia

A

bright flashes of light

191
Q

floaters

A

vitreous clumps

192
Q

pneumatic retionpexy

A

a gas bubble is injected in vitreous cavity to help reattach the retina

193
Q

enucleation

A

removal of the entire eyeball

194
Q

cochlear implant

A

a surgically implanted device that allows sensorineural hearing-impaired persons to understand speech

195
Q

ear thermometry

A

body temp. measured with infrared radiation from the eardrum

196
Q

tuning fork test

A

hearing tests using a vibrating fork

197
Q

rinne (tuning fork test)

A

fork is placed against the mastoid bone & in front of the auditory meatus

198
Q

weber (tuning fork test)

A

fork is placed on the center of the forehead; normal hearing has equal loudness in both ears

medical terminolgy (22 decks)

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