chapter 21 Flashcards
pharmacology
drugs
medicines/ substances used to prevent or treat conditions or diseases
chemotherapy
drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites, malignant cells
addiction
physical & psychological dependence on & craving for a drug
additive action
drug action in which the combo of two similar drugs is equal to sum of the effectors of each
aerosol
particles of drug suspended in air
anaphylaxis
exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previous encountered drug or foreign protein
antagonistic action
combo of two drugs gives less than an additive effect
antidote
agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug
brand name (trademark or trade name)
commercial name for a drug
chemical name
chemical formula for a drug
contraindication
factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment
controlled substances
drugs that produce tolerance & dependence & have potential for abuse addiction
dependence
prolonged use of a drug that may lead to physiologic need for it’s actions in the body
dose
amount of drug administrated
food & drug administration (FDA)
U.S. government agency with legal responsibilities to enforce proper drug manufacture & clinical use
generic name
legal noncommercial name for a drug
iatrogenic
condition caused by treatment given by physicians or medical personnel
idiosyncratic reaction
unexcepted effect produced in a particularly sensitive patient, but not seen in most people
inhalation
administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor for through the nose or mouth
medicinal chemistry
study of new drug synthesis
molecular pharmacology
study of interaction of drugs & their target molecules
oral administration
drugs are given by mouth
parenteral administration
drugs are given by injection into the skin, muscles, or veins
pharmacist
specialist in preparing & dispensing drugs
pharmacy
location of preparing & dispensing drugs; also the study of preparing & dispensing drugs
pharmacodynamics
study of drug effectors within the body
pharmacokinetics
study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism & excretion over a period of time
pharmacologist
specialist in the study of properties, uses & side effects of drugs
pharmacology
study of the preparation, properties, uses & side effects of drugs
physicians’ desk reference (PDR)
reference book that lists drug products
receptor
target substance with which a drug interacts in the body
rectal administration
drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum
resistance
lack of beneficial response
response
desired & beneficial effect of a drug
schedule
exact timing & frequency of drug administration
side effect
adverse reaction, usually minor, that routinely results from use of a drug
sublingual administration
drugs are given by placement under the tongue
synergism
combo of two drugs causes & effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone
syringe
instrument for introducing or withdrawing fluid from the body
tolerance
larger & larger drug doses must be given to achieve the desired effect
topical application
drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body
toxicity
harmful effects of a drug
toxicology
study of harmful chemicals & their effects on the body
transport
movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells
united states pharmacopeia (USP)
authoritative list of drugs, formulas & preparations that sets standards for drug manufacturing & dispensing
vitamin
substance found in foods & essential in small quantities for growth & good health
aer/o
air
alges/o
sensitivity to pain
bronch/o
bronchial tube
chem/o
drug
cras/o
mixture
cutane/o & derm/o
skin
erg/o
work
esthes/o
feeling, sensation
hist/o
tissue
hypn/o
sleep
iatr/o
treatment
lingu/o
tongue
myc/o
mold, fungus
narc/o
stupor
or/o
mouth
pharmac/o
drug
pruit/o
itching
pyret/o
fever
thec/o
sheath ( of brain & spinal cord)
tox/o & toxic/o
poison
vas/o
vessel
ven/o
vein
vit/o
life
ana-
upward, excessive
anti-
against
contra-
against, opposite
par-
other than, apart
syn-
together, with
a.c., ac
after meals
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme
ad lib
freely, as desired
ADAP
acetaminophen
ARB
angiotensin II receptor blocker
b.i.d, bid
two times a day
c-
with
Caps
capsules
Cc
cubic centimeter
gm, g
gram
gtt
drops
h
hour
h.s., hs
at bedtime
H2 block
histamine h2 receptor anatagonist
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
IM
intramuscular
INH
isoniazid-antituberculosis agent
IV
intravenous
MAOI
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
mg
milligram
ml, mL
milliter
NPO
nothing by mouth
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
p-
after
PCA
patient-controlled analgesia
p.c., pc
after meals
PO, p.o., po
by mouth
p.r.n., prn
as needed, as necessary
Pt
pateint
q
every
q.h., qh
every hour
q2h
every 2 hours
q.i.d., qid
four times a day
q.s., qs
sufficient quantity
qAM
every morning
qPM
every evening
Rx (Pharm)
prescription
s-
without
SERM
selective estrogen receptor modulator
sig
directions- how to take medications
SL
sublingual
s.o.s
if it is necessary
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
SQ
subcutaneous
tab
tablet
TCA
tricyclic antidepressant
t.i.d, tid
three times a day
antidote
agent is given to counteract harmful effects of a drug
intravenous (IV)
within a vein
intrathecal
within a sheath (membranes around the spinal cord or brain)
antiseptic
an agent works against infection
antipruritic
an agent that works against itching
intramuscular (IM)
within a muscle
subcutaneous (SQ)
under the skin
intracavity
within a cavity
intravenous drug examples:
blood transfusions
rectal drug examples:
suppositories
oral drug examples:
tablets & capsules
topical drug examples:
lotions, creams, ointments
inhalation drug examples:
aerosol medications
intrathecal drug examples:
lumbar puncture
intramuscular drug examples:
deep injection, usually in buttock
intradermal drug examples:
skin testing for allergy
antibiotic
an agent that inhibits or kills germ life (microorganisms)
antidepressants
an agent that relieves the symptoms of depression
antihistamines
an agent that blocks the action of histamine & relieves allergic symptoms
analgesic
an agent that relieves pain
anticoagulant
an agent that prevents blood clotting
anesthetic
an agent that reduces or eliminates sensation
antidiabetic
an agent used to prevent diabetes mellitus
sedative
an agent (mildly hypnotic) that relaxes & calms nervousness
stimulant
an agent that excites & promotes activity
tranquilizer
a drug used to control anxiety & severe disturbances of behavior
antihistamine drug examples:
anaphylactic shock
analgesic drug examples:
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
antidiabetic drug examples:
insulin
anticoagulant drug examples:
heparin
antibiotic drug examples:
penicillin or erythromycin
stimulant drug examples:
caffeine or amphetamines
sedative-hypnotic drug examples:
benzodiazepine
tranquilizer drug examples:
phenothiazine
beta blocker
drug that blocks the action of epinephrine at sites of receptors of heart muscles, blood vessels & bronchial tubes (antihypertensive, antianginal & antiarrhythmics)
glucocorticoid
a hormone from the adrenal glands that reduces inflammation & raises blood sugar
calcium channel blocker
a drug that blocks the entrance of calcium into heart muscle & blood vessel walls (antihypertensive, antianginal & antiarrhythmics)
antacid
a drug that neutralizes acid in the stomach
cathartic
drug that relieves constipation
antiemetic
a drug that prevents nausea & vomiting
bronchodilater
a drug that opens air passages
hypnotic
an agent that produces sleep
diuretic
a drug that reduces the volume of blood & lowers blood pressure
cholesterol-lowering drug
a drug that reduces cholesterol levels (treats hypercholesterolemia)
what do anticonvulsant drugs treat?
epilepsy
what do anticoagulant drugs treat?
thrombosis & embolism
what do progestin drugs treat?
abnormal uterine bleeding caused by hormonal imbalance
what do antibiotic drugs treat?
streptococcal pharyngitis
what do ACE inhibitor drugs treat?
CHF & hypertension
what do bronchodilator drugs treat?
asthma
what do antihistamine drugs treat?
anaphylactic shock
what do tranquilizer drugs treat?
severe behavior disturbances & anxiety
what do analgesic drugs treat?
myalgia & neuralgia
antipyretic
agent that reduces fever
narcotic
habit-forming analgesic
erythomycin
antibiotic derives from a red mold
cephalosporins (cefprozil) & penicillins are examples of:
antibiotic drugs
advil (ibuprofen) is an example of:
NSAID
tegretol (carbamazepine) & dilantin (phenytoin) are examples of:
anticonvulsant
zovirax (acyclovir) & crixivan (indinavir) are both types of:
antiviral
nolvadex (tanoxifen) is a:
antiestrogen
patients with high blood pressure may need vasotec (enalapril) or zestril (lisinopril) are examples of:
ACE inhibitor
metformin & avandia (rosigiltazone) are two types of:
oral antidiuretic or type 2 diabetes
evista (raloxifene) is an example of:
SERM
elavil (amitriptyline) & prozac (fluoxetine) are two types of:
antidepressant
allegra (fexofenadine) is a:
antihistamine
lasix (furosemide) & aldactone (spironolactone) are:
diuretic
xylocaine (lidocaine) & pentothal (thiopental) are examples of an:
anesthetic
1 tab PO q.i.d p.c. & h.s
take one tablet by mouth, four times a day, after meals & at bedtime
15-60 mg IM q4-6h
administer 15 to 60 milligrams intramuscularly, every 4-6 hours
2 cap p.o. h.s.
take two capsules by mouth at bedtime
1 tab SL p.r.n.
place one tablet under the tongue, as needed
apply topically qhs prn
apply to the skin, at bedtime as needed
