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chapter 21 Flashcards

pharmacology

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

drugs

A

medicines/ substances used to prevent or treat conditions or diseases

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2
Q

chemotherapy

A

drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites, malignant cells

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3
Q

addiction

A

physical & psychological dependence on & craving for a drug

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4
Q

additive action

A

drug action in which the combo of two similar drugs is equal to sum of the effectors of each

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5
Q

aerosol

A

particles of drug suspended in air

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6
Q

anaphylaxis

A

exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previous encountered drug or foreign protein

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7
Q

antagonistic action

A

combo of two drugs gives less than an additive effect

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8
Q

antidote

A

agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug

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9
Q

brand name (trademark or trade name)

A

commercial name for a drug

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10
Q

chemical name

A

chemical formula for a drug

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11
Q

contraindication

A

factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment

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12
Q

controlled substances

A

drugs that produce tolerance & dependence & have potential for abuse addiction

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13
Q

dependence

A

prolonged use of a drug that may lead to physiologic need for it’s actions in the body

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14
Q

dose

A

amount of drug administrated

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15
Q

food & drug administration (FDA)

A

U.S. government agency with legal responsibilities to enforce proper drug manufacture & clinical use

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16
Q

generic name

A

legal noncommercial name for a drug

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17
Q

iatrogenic

A

condition caused by treatment given by physicians or medical personnel

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18
Q

idiosyncratic reaction

A

unexcepted effect produced in a particularly sensitive patient, but not seen in most people

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19
Q

inhalation

A

administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor for through the nose or mouth

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20
Q

medicinal chemistry

A

study of new drug synthesis

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21
Q

molecular pharmacology

A

study of interaction of drugs & their target molecules

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22
Q

oral administration

A

drugs are given by mouth

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23
Q

parenteral administration

A

drugs are given by injection into the skin, muscles, or veins

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24
Q

pharmacist

A

specialist in preparing & dispensing drugs

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25
Q

pharmacy

A

location of preparing & dispensing drugs; also the study of preparing & dispensing drugs

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26
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

study of drug effectors within the body

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27
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism & excretion over a period of time

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28
Q

pharmacologist

A

specialist in the study of properties, uses & side effects of drugs

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29
Q

pharmacology

A

study of the preparation, properties, uses & side effects of drugs

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30
Q

physicians’ desk reference (PDR)

A

reference book that lists drug products

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31
Q

receptor

A

target substance with which a drug interacts in the body

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32
Q

rectal administration

A

drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum

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33
Q

resistance

A

lack of beneficial response

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34
Q

response

A

desired & beneficial effect of a drug

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35
Q

schedule

A

exact timing & frequency of drug administration

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36
Q

side effect

A

adverse reaction, usually minor, that routinely results from use of a drug

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37
Q

sublingual administration

A

drugs are given by placement under the tongue

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38
Q

synergism

A

combo of two drugs causes & effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone

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39
Q

syringe

A

instrument for introducing or withdrawing fluid from the body

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40
Q

tolerance

A

larger & larger drug doses must be given to achieve the desired effect

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41
Q

topical application

A

drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body

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42
Q

toxicity

A

harmful effects of a drug

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43
Q

toxicology

A

study of harmful chemicals & their effects on the body

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44
Q

transport

A

movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells

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45
Q

united states pharmacopeia (USP)

A

authoritative list of drugs, formulas & preparations that sets standards for drug manufacturing & dispensing

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46
Q

vitamin

A

substance found in foods & essential in small quantities for growth & good health

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47
Q

aer/o

A

air

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48
Q

alges/o

A

sensitivity to pain

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49
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchial tube

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50
Q

chem/o

A

drug

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51
Q

cras/o

A

mixture

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52
Q

cutane/o & derm/o

A

skin

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53
Q

erg/o

A

work

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54
Q

esthes/o

A

feeling, sensation

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55
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

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56
Q

hypn/o

A

sleep

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57
Q

iatr/o

A

treatment

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58
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

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59
Q

myc/o

A

mold, fungus

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60
Q

narc/o

A

stupor

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61
Q

or/o

A

mouth

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62
Q

pharmac/o

A

drug

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63
Q

pruit/o

A

itching

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64
Q

pyret/o

A

fever

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65
Q

thec/o

A

sheath ( of brain & spinal cord)

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66
Q

tox/o & toxic/o

A

poison

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67
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

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68
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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69
Q

vit/o

A

life

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70
Q

ana-

A

upward, excessive

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71
Q

anti-

A

against

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72
Q

contra-

A

against, opposite

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73
Q

par-

A

other than, apart

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74
Q

syn-

A

together, with

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75
Q

a.c., ac

A

after meals

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76
Q

ACE

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme

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77
Q

ad lib

A

freely, as desired

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78
Q

ADAP

A

acetaminophen

79
Q

ARB

A

angiotensin II receptor blocker

80
Q

b.i.d, bid

A

two times a day

81
Q

c-

A

with

82
Q

Caps

A

capsules

83
Q

Cc

A

cubic centimeter

84
Q

gm, g

A

gram

85
Q

gtt

A

drops

86
Q

h

A

hour

87
Q

h.s., hs

A

at bedtime

88
Q

H2 block

A

histamine h2 receptor anatagonist

89
Q

HRT

A

hormone replacement therapy

90
Q

IM

A

intramuscular

91
Q

INH

A

isoniazid-antituberculosis agent

92
Q

IV

A

intravenous

93
Q

MAOI

A

monoamine oxidase inhibitor

94
Q

mg

A

milligram

95
Q

ml, mL

A

milliter

96
Q

NPO

A

nothing by mouth

97
Q

NSAID

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

98
Q

p-

A

after

99
Q

PCA

A

patient-controlled analgesia

99
Q

p.c., pc

A

after meals

100
Q

PO, p.o., po

A

by mouth

101
Q

p.r.n., prn

A

as needed, as necessary

102
Q

Pt

A

pateint

103
Q

q

A

every

104
Q

q.h., qh

A

every hour

105
Q

q2h

A

every 2 hours

106
Q

q.i.d., qid

A

four times a day

107
Q

q.s., qs

A

sufficient quantity

108
Q

qAM

A

every morning

109
Q

qPM

A

every evening

110
Q

Rx (Pharm)

A

prescription

111
Q

s-

A

without

112
Q

SERM

A

selective estrogen receptor modulator

113
Q

sig

A

directions- how to take medications

114
Q

SL

A

sublingual

115
Q

s.o.s

A

if it is necessary

116
Q

SSRI

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

117
Q

SQ

A

subcutaneous

118
Q

tab

A

tablet

119
Q

TCA

A

tricyclic antidepressant

120
Q

t.i.d, tid

A

three times a day

121
Q

antidote

A

agent is given to counteract harmful effects of a drug

122
Q

intravenous (IV)

A

within a vein

123
Q

intrathecal

A

within a sheath (membranes around the spinal cord or brain)

124
Q

antiseptic

A

an agent works against infection

125
Q

antipruritic

A

an agent that works against itching

126
Q

intramuscular (IM)

A

within a muscle

127
Q

subcutaneous (SQ)

A

under the skin

128
Q

intracavity

A

within a cavity

129
Q

intravenous drug examples:

A

blood transfusions

130
Q

rectal drug examples:

A

suppositories

131
Q

oral drug examples:

A

tablets & capsules

132
Q

topical drug examples:

A

lotions, creams, ointments

133
Q

inhalation drug examples:

A

aerosol medications

134
Q

intrathecal drug examples:

A

lumbar puncture

135
Q

intramuscular drug examples:

A

deep injection, usually in buttock

136
Q

intradermal drug examples:

A

skin testing for allergy

137
Q

antibiotic

A

an agent that inhibits or kills germ life (microorganisms)

138
Q

antidepressants

A

an agent that relieves the symptoms of depression

139
Q

antihistamines

A

an agent that blocks the action of histamine & relieves allergic symptoms

140
Q

analgesic

A

an agent that relieves pain

141
Q

anticoagulant

A

an agent that prevents blood clotting

142
Q

anesthetic

A

an agent that reduces or eliminates sensation

143
Q

antidiabetic

A

an agent used to prevent diabetes mellitus

144
Q

sedative

A

an agent (mildly hypnotic) that relaxes & calms nervousness

145
Q

stimulant

A

an agent that excites & promotes activity

146
Q

tranquilizer

A

a drug used to control anxiety & severe disturbances of behavior

147
Q

antihistamine drug examples:

A

anaphylactic shock

148
Q

analgesic drug examples:

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

149
Q

antidiabetic drug examples:

A

insulin

150
Q

anticoagulant drug examples:

A

heparin

151
Q

antibiotic drug examples:

A

penicillin or erythromycin

152
Q

stimulant drug examples:

A

caffeine or amphetamines

153
Q

sedative-hypnotic drug examples:

A

benzodiazepine

154
Q

tranquilizer drug examples:

A

phenothiazine

155
Q

beta blocker

A

drug that blocks the action of epinephrine at sites of receptors of heart muscles, blood vessels & bronchial tubes (antihypertensive, antianginal & antiarrhythmics)

156
Q

glucocorticoid

A

a hormone from the adrenal glands that reduces inflammation & raises blood sugar

157
Q

calcium channel blocker

A

a drug that blocks the entrance of calcium into heart muscle & blood vessel walls (antihypertensive, antianginal & antiarrhythmics)

158
Q

antacid

A

a drug that neutralizes acid in the stomach

159
Q

cathartic

A

drug that relieves constipation

160
Q

antiemetic

A

a drug that prevents nausea & vomiting

161
Q

bronchodilater

A

a drug that opens air passages

162
Q

hypnotic

A

an agent that produces sleep

163
Q

diuretic

A

a drug that reduces the volume of blood & lowers blood pressure

164
Q

cholesterol-lowering drug

A

a drug that reduces cholesterol levels (treats hypercholesterolemia)

165
Q

what do anticonvulsant drugs treat?

A

epilepsy

166
Q

what do anticoagulant drugs treat?

A

thrombosis & embolism

167
Q

what do progestin drugs treat?

A

abnormal uterine bleeding caused by hormonal imbalance

168
Q

what do antibiotic drugs treat?

A

streptococcal pharyngitis

169
Q

what do ACE inhibitor drugs treat?

A

CHF & hypertension

170
Q

what do bronchodilator drugs treat?

A

asthma

171
Q

what do antihistamine drugs treat?

A

anaphylactic shock

172
Q

what do tranquilizer drugs treat?

A

severe behavior disturbances & anxiety

173
Q

what do analgesic drugs treat?

A

myalgia & neuralgia

174
Q

antipyretic

A

agent that reduces fever

175
Q

narcotic

A

habit-forming analgesic

176
Q

erythomycin

A

antibiotic derives from a red mold

177
Q

cephalosporins (cefprozil) & penicillins are examples of:

A

antibiotic drugs

178
Q

advil (ibuprofen) is an example of:

A

NSAID

179
Q

tegretol (carbamazepine) & dilantin (phenytoin) are examples of:

A

anticonvulsant

180
Q

zovirax (acyclovir) & crixivan (indinavir) are both types of:

A

antiviral

181
Q

nolvadex (tanoxifen) is a:

A

antiestrogen

182
Q

patients with high blood pressure may need vasotec (enalapril) or zestril (lisinopril) are examples of:

A

ACE inhibitor

183
Q

metformin & avandia (rosigiltazone) are two types of:

A

oral antidiuretic or type 2 diabetes

184
Q

evista (raloxifene) is an example of:

A

SERM

185
Q

elavil (amitriptyline) & prozac (fluoxetine) are two types of:

A

antidepressant

186
Q

allegra (fexofenadine) is a:

A

antihistamine

187
Q

lasix (furosemide) & aldactone (spironolactone) are:

A

diuretic

188
Q

xylocaine (lidocaine) & pentothal (thiopental) are examples of an:

A

anesthetic

189
Q

1 tab PO q.i.d p.c. & h.s

A

take one tablet by mouth, four times a day, after meals & at bedtime

190
Q

15-60 mg IM q4-6h

A

administer 15 to 60 milligrams intramuscularly, every 4-6 hours

191
Q

2 cap p.o. h.s.

A

take two capsules by mouth at bedtime

192
Q

1 tab SL p.r.n.

A

place one tablet under the tongue, as needed

193
Q

apply topically qhs prn

A

apply to the skin, at bedtime as needed

medical terminolgy (22 decks)

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