chapter 5 Flashcards
digestive system
1
Q
the digestive has 4 main functions:
A
-ingestion
-digestion
-absorption
-elimination
2
Q
ingestion
A
food material taken into mouth
3
Q
digestion
A
food is broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels the gastrointestinal tract
4
Q
absorption
A
digested food passes into the bloodstream through lining cells of small intestines
5
Q
elimination
A
the body eliminates solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream
6
Q
major parts of the oral cavity are:
A
-cheeks, lips, hard & soft palate, rugae, uvula
-tongue, papillae, tonsils, gums, teeth & pharynx
7
Q
anatomical terms of a tooth:
A
-crown, root, enamel, dentin, pulp
-gingiva, cementum, root canal & periodontal membrane
8
Q
deglutition (swallowing) system
A
-nasal cavity, pharynx, bolus of food, epiglottis
-larynx, esophagus, trachea
9
Q
lower parts of the stomach:
A
-lower esophageal sphincter(LES)
-fundus
-greater & lesser curvature
-rugae
-body
-antrum
-pylorus
-pyloric sphincter
10
Q
anatomical terms for digestive tract
A
-esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gallbladder
-pancreas, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix
-ascending, transverse, descending & sigmoid colon
-rectum & anus
11
Q
parts of the large intestines
A
-cecum, appendix, rectum & anus
-ascending, transverse, descending & sigmoid colon
12
Q
parts of the small intestines
A
-jejunum, ileum, duodenum
13
Q
parts of the biliary system
A
-liver, gallbladder, pancreas, duodenum
-common bile duct, pancreatic duct, cystic duct
14
Q
amino acids
A
small building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested
15
Q
amylase
A
enzyme secreted by pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch
16
Q
anus
A
terminal end/opening of digestive tract to outside the body
17
Q
appendix
A
blind pouch hanging from cecum
18
Q
bile
A
-digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
-breaks up large fat globules, composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts
19
Q
bilirubin
A
pigment release by liver in bile (brown)
20
Q
bowel
A
intestines
21
Q
canine teeth(cuspids/eyeteeth)
A
pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors
22
Q
cecum
A
first part of large intestine
23
Q
colon
A
consists of ascending, transverse, descending, & sigmoid segments
24
Q
common bile duct
A
carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum (choledochus)
25
defecation
elimination of waste from the digestive tract through the anus
26
deglutition
swallowing
27
dentin
-primary material found in teeth
-covered in enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root
28
duodenum
first part of the small intestine(12 inches long)
29
emulsification
physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules
30
enamel
hard, outermost layer of tooth
31
enzyme
chemical that speeds up the reactions substances
32
esophagus
tube connecting throat to stomach
33
fatty acids
-substances provided when fats are digested
-category of lipids
34
feces/stool
solid waste
35
gallbladder
small sac under the liver that stores bile
36
glucose
simple sugar
37
glycogen
-starch
-glucose stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
38
hydrochloric acid
substance produced in the stomach, necessary for digestion of food
39
ileum
third part of small intestine
40
incisor
one of four front teeth in the dental arch
41
insulin
hormone produced by endocrine cells in pancreas, transport sugars from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
42
jejunum
second part of small intestine
43
lipase
pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fat
44
liver
-large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen
-secretes bile, stores sugars, iron & vitamins
-produces blood proteins, destroys worn-out RBCs, filters out toxins, weighs 2 1/2 to 3 pounds
45
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
ring of muscles between esophagus and stomach
46
mastication
chewing
47
molar teeth
sixth, seventh, & eighth teeth from the middle or either side of the dental arch
48
palate
roof of mouth
49
pancreas
-organ behind the stomach
-produces insulin and enzymes
50
papillae (singular: papilla)
small, projections on the tongue
51
parotid gland
salivary gland within the cheek
52
peristalsis
rhythmic contraction of the tubular organs
53
pharynx
-throat
-common passageway for food from the mouth & for air from the nose
54
portal vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
55
protease
enzyme that digests protein
56
pulp
soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels
57
pyloric sphincter
-ring of muscle at the end of the stomach near the duodenum
-opens when peristalsis passes over it
58
pylorus
distal region of the stomach and opening to the duodenum
59
rectum
-last section of the large intestine
-connects the end of colon to the anus
60
rugae
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
61
saliva
-digestive juice produced by salivary glands
-contains the enzyme amylase
62
what are the 3 salivary glands
parotid, sublinguial and submandibular glands
63
sigmoid colon
-fourth and last colon
-S-shaped segment of the colon just before the rectum
-empties into the rectum
64
sphincter
a circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
65
stomach
muscular organ that receives food from esophagus
66
triglycerides
-fat molecules are composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol
-subgroup of lipids
67
uvula
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate
68
villi (singular: villus)
microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
69
an/o
anus
70
append/o & appendic/o
appendix
71
bucc/o
cheek
72
cec/o
cecum
73
celi/o
belly, abdomen
74
cheil/o
lip
75
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
76
choledoch/o
common bile duct
77
col/o & colon/o
colon
78
dent/i
tooth
79
duoden/o
duodenum
80
enter/o
intestines, usually small intestine
81
esophag/o
esophagus
82
faci/o
face
83
gastr/o
stomach
84
gloss/o
tongue
85
hepat/o
liver
86
ile/o
ileum
86
jejun/o
jejunum
87
labi/o
lips
88
mandibul/o
mandible
88
lapar/o
abdomen
88
lingu/o
tongue
89
odont/o
tooth
90
or/o
mouth
91
palat/o
palate
92
pancreat/o
pancreas
93
peritone/o
peritoneum
94
pharyng/o
pharynx
95
proct/o
anus & rectum
96
pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
97
rect/o
rectum
98
sialaden/o
salivary gland
99
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
100
stomat/o
mouth
101
uvul/o
uvula
102
amyl/o
starch
103
bil/i
gall & bile
104
bilirubin/o
bilirubin (bile pigment)
105
chol/e
gall & bile
106
chlorhydro/o
hydrochloric acid
107
gluc/o & glyc/o
sugar
108
glycogen/o
glycogen, animal starch
109
lip/o
fat
110
lith/o
stone
111
prote/o
protein
112
py/o
pus
113
sial/o
saliva, salivary gland
114
steat/o
fat
115
-ase
enzyme
116
-iasis
abnormal condition
117
-prandial
meal
118
anastomoses
-three types: end to end, end to side & side to side
-example of an enteroenterostomy: a surgical creation of a new opening between those parts of the body
119
anorexia
lack of appetite
120
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
121
borborygmi (singular: borborygmus)
rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract
122
constipation
difficulty in passing stools
123
diarrhea
frequent passage of loose, watery stools
124
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
125
eructation
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth (burp)
126
flatus
gas through anus (fart)
127
hematochezia
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
128
jaundice (icterus)
yellow- orange coloration of the skin and white of eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
129
melena
black, tarry stools due to feces containing digested blood
130
nausea
unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
131
steatorrhea
fat in the feces, frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
132
aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth, with small painful ulcers
133
dental caries
tooth decay
134
herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth by infection with herpes virus
135
oral leukoplakia
white plagues or patches
136
periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone
137
achalasia
failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
138
esophageal cancer
malignant tumor of the esophagus
139
gastric carcinoma
malignant tumor of the stomach
140
esophageal varices
swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
141
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
solids and fluids return to mouth from stomach (heartburn)
142
peptic ulcer
open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum
143
hernia
protrusion of an organ or part of the muscle normally containing it
144
anal fistula
abnormal tubelike passageway near anus
145
colonic polyposis
polyps protrude from the mucous membrane of colon
146
colorectal cancer
adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum or both
147
crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
148
diverticulosis
abnormal side pockets (outpouchings) in the intestinal wall
149
dysentry
painful, inflamed intestines
150
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
151
ileus
failure of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
152
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
inflammation of the colon and small intestines
153
intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
154
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
group of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress and tension
155
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
156
volvulus
twisting of the intestines on itself
157
cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of liver
158
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
liver cancer
159
pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas
160
pancreatitis
inflammation of pancreas
161
viral hepatitis
inflammation of liver caused by a virus
162
cholelithiasis
gallstones in gallbladder
163
salivary gland near the ear
parotid
164
removal of the salivary gland
sialadenecectomy
165
pertaining to the throat
pharyngeal
166
hernia of rectum
rectocele
167
enlargement of liver
hepatomegaly
168
surgical repair of the roof of mouth
palatoplasty
169
after meals
postprandial
170
visual examination of the anal and rectal region
proctoscopy
171
study of the cause of disease
etiology
172
incision of the common bile duct
choledochotomy
173
new opening between the common bile duct and jejunum
choledochojejunostomy
174
treats order of the anus and rectum
proctologist
175
performs root canal therapy
endodontist
176
operates on the intestinal tract
colorectal surgeon
177
pertaining to administration of medicines and fluid other than by mouth
parenteral
178
fan-like membrane that connects the small intestine to the abdominal wall
mesentery
179
new surgical connection between structures or organs
anastomosis
180
protrusion of the upper stomach through the diaphragm
hiatal hernia
181
chronic inflammation of the colon with destruction of it's inner surface
ulcerative colitis
182
calculi in the gallbladder
cholecystolithiasis
183
achlorhydria
absence of acid in the stomach
