chapter 14 Flashcards
lymphatic system
lymph
clear watery substance that surrounds body cells & flows in a system of lymph vessels throughout the body
lymph characteristics:
-originates in blood
-rich in lymphocytes & monocytes
-flows in lymph capillaries & vessels
-flows through lymph nodes & lymphatic organs
-absorbs lipids in intestine
lymphatic system functions:
- transport proteins & fluids that have leaked back to bloodstream
- lymphatic vessels absorb lipids from intestines & transport them to blood
- lymphocytes & monocytes protect the body by mounting a cellular attack on foreign cells & organisms
interstitial fluid & lymph capillaries structure:
blood & lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, interstitial fluid & tissue cells
blood & lymph:
-lymph originates from blood & filters out of tiny blood capillaries into the spaces between cells
-interstitial fluid passes continuously into lymph capillaries that course through tissue space
-lymph passes through larger lymphatic vessels through clusters of lymph tissues finally reaching large lymphatic vessels in upper chest
-lymph enters large lymphatic vessels which then empty into bloodstream
lymphatic system anatomy:
lymph capillaries, vessels & nodes
spleen function:
-destroys old RBCs
-filters microorganisms/other foreign material out of blood
-activates lymphocytes during blood filtration
-stores blood, especially erythrocytes & platelets
thymus gland function:
-provides immunity in fetal life & early years of growth
-make cells immunocompetent in early life
lymphoid organs
lymph nodes, spleen & thymus gland, produce lymphocytes & antibodies
immunity
the body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs, can be natural or adaptive
monoclonal antibodies (passive immunotherapy) (MoAb)
multiple copies of cells or genes that kill tumor cells
vaccine (active immunotherapy)
contain antigens from the patient’s tumor cells, stimulate the patient’s T cells to recognize and kill the cancerous cells
transfer of immune cells
in bone marrow transplantation, T lymphocytes from a donor can replace a patient’s immune system with new cells that recognize tumor cells as foreign and kill them
vaccine
weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease
adaptive immunity
-ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
-lymphocytes
-antibodies
-memory: second exposure
-vaccination
-immunoglobulins
-maternal antibodies
adenoids
mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx
antibody
protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens
antigen
substance that the body recognizes as foreign, evokes a immune response
axillary nodes
lymph nodes in the armpit
B cell (B lymphocytes)
lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies
cell-mediated immunity
T cells that respond to antigens and destroy them
cervical nodes
lymph nodes in neck region
complement system
proteins in the blood that help antibodies and kill their target
cytokines
proteins secreted by antitoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction
cytotoxin T cell (CD8+ T cell)
lymphocyte that directly kills antigens
dendritic cell
antigen-presenting cell, shows T and B cells what to attack
helper T cell (CD4+ T cell)
lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cell
humoral immunity
B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens, type of adaptive immunity
immunoglobulins
antibodies secreted by plasma cells in response to the presence of an antigen
immunotherapy
use of immune cells, antibodies, vaccines to treat/prevent disease
inguinal nodes
lymph nodes in groin region
interferons
proteins secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate immune response
interleukins
proteins that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes
interstitial fluid
fluid in spaces between cells becomes lymph in lymph capillaries
lymph capillaries
thinnest lymphatic vessels
lymph node
collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue and lymph vessels
macrophage
large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body
lymph vessels
carrier of lymph throughout the body
mediastinal nodes
lymph nodes in the area between the thoracic cavity
mesenteric nodes
lymph nodes in mesentery (intestine)
natural immunity
-protection that an individual is born with to fight infection
-phagocytosis
-macrophages
-natural killer cells
paraaortic nodes
lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar area of the body
plasma cell
lymphocyte that secretes antibodies matures from B lymphocytes
right lymphatic duct
vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right of the body, empties in large neck vein
spleen
organ in the LUQ of the abdomen that destroys worn-out RBCs, activates lymphocytes & stores blood
supressor T cell (Treg)
lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B & T cells
T cell (T lymphocyte)
lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produces chemical toxic to antigens
tolerance
ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly
thoracic duct
drains lymph from the lower and left side of body,empties into large veins in neck
tonsils
masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx
thymus gland
lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells
toxin
poison, a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants
vaccination
exposure of an individual to an antigen that produces an immune response that will destroy any cell with the antigen and will protect against infection
immun/o
protection, immune
lymph/o
lymph
lymphaden/o
lymph node
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus gland
tox/o
poison
ana-
again,anew
inter-
between
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
-destroys T helper cells (CD4+ cells)
-opportunistic infections
-malignancies (kaposi sarcoma, wasting syndrome)
reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI)
inhibit viral enzyme called reverse trancriptase
protease inhibitors
inhibit viral protolytic enzyme
high active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)
combination of RTI & protease inhibitors to treat AIDS
allergy
abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen
lymphoma
malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
multiple myeloma
malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
thymoma
-tumor of the thymus gland
-associated with myasthenia gravis
-patients may have other immune disorders like lupus erythematous & rheumatoid arthritis
CD4+ cell count
measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream with patients with AIDS
ELISA test
detects anti-HIV antibodies, western blot given as follow-up
immunoelectrophoresis
separates immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD)
viral load test
measures the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in bloodstream
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
CD4+ cell
helper T cell
CD8+ cell
cytotoxic T cell
CMV
cytomegalovirus
Crypto
cryptocossus
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
HAART
highly active antiretroviral therapy
Histo
histoplasmosis
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HSV
herpes simplex virus
IL38 to IL5
interleukins
KS
kaposi sarcoma
MAI
mycobacterium avian-intracellulare (MAI) complex
MoAB
monoclonal antibody
NHL
non-hodgkin lymphoma
PCP
pneumocystis pneumonia
PI
protease inhibitor
RTI
reverse transcriptase inhibitor
SCID
severe combines immunodeficiency disease
Treg
regulatory T cell (suppressor T cell)
Toxo
toxoplasmosis
-cytosis
condition of cells, slight increase in numbers
-edema
swelling
-phylaxis
protection
-poiesis
formation
-stitial
to set, pertaining to standing or positioned
-suppression
to stop
splenectomy
removal of spleen
splenomegaly
enlargement of spleen
lymphopoiesus
formation of lymph
lymphalentitis
inflammation of lymph glands (nodes)
lymphocytopenia
deficiency of lymph cells
lymphadenopathy
disease of lymph glands (nodes)
hypersplenism
syndrome marked by enlargement of the spleen and associated with anemia, leukopenia & thrombocytopenia
anaphylaxis
extraordinary hypersensitivity to a foreign protein, marked by hypertension, shock & respiratory disease
allergen
antigen capable of causing allergy (hypersensitivity)
AIDS disorder
disorder in which the immune system is suppressed by exposure to HIV
thymectomy
removal of a mediastinal organ
hodgkin lymphoma
malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the lymph nodes and spleen, Reed-Sternberg cells are in lymph nodes
lymphedema
swelling of tissues due to interstitial fluid accumulation
kaposi sarcoma (KS)
malignant condition associated with AIDS (purplish skin nodules appear)
HIV virus
retrovirus that causes AIDS
opportunistic infections
group of infectious diseases associated with AIDS
viral load test
measures the amount of HIV in blood
wasting syndrome
weight loss with decreased muscular strength, appetite & mental activity
reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI)
drug used to treat AIDS by blocking an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV
protease inhibitor (PI)
drug used to treat AIDS by blocking the production of an enzyme that creates new viral pieces for HIV
autoimmune diseases
chronic, disabling diseases caused by abnormal production of antibodies to normal tissue
atopy
hypersensitivity or allergic state with an inherited predisposition
