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chapter 14 Flashcards

lymphatic system

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

lymph

A

clear watery substance that surrounds body cells & flows in a system of lymph vessels throughout the body

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2
Q

lymph characteristics:

A

-originates in blood
-rich in lymphocytes & monocytes
-flows in lymph capillaries & vessels
-flows through lymph nodes & lymphatic organs
-absorbs lipids in intestine

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3
Q

lymphatic system functions:

A
  1. transport proteins & fluids that have leaked back to bloodstream
  2. lymphatic vessels absorb lipids from intestines & transport them to blood
  3. lymphocytes & monocytes protect the body by mounting a cellular attack on foreign cells & organisms
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4
Q

interstitial fluid & lymph capillaries structure:

A

blood & lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, interstitial fluid & tissue cells

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5
Q

blood & lymph:

A

-lymph originates from blood & filters out of tiny blood capillaries into the spaces between cells
-interstitial fluid passes continuously into lymph capillaries that course through tissue space
-lymph passes through larger lymphatic vessels through clusters of lymph tissues finally reaching large lymphatic vessels in upper chest
-lymph enters large lymphatic vessels which then empty into bloodstream

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6
Q

lymphatic system anatomy:

A

lymph capillaries, vessels & nodes

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7
Q

spleen function:

A

-destroys old RBCs
-filters microorganisms/other foreign material out of blood
-activates lymphocytes during blood filtration
-stores blood, especially erythrocytes & platelets

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8
Q

thymus gland function:

A

-provides immunity in fetal life & early years of growth
-make cells immunocompetent in early life

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9
Q

lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen & thymus gland, produce lymphocytes & antibodies

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10
Q

immunity

A

the body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs, can be natural or adaptive

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11
Q

monoclonal antibodies (passive immunotherapy) (MoAb)

A

multiple copies of cells or genes that kill tumor cells

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12
Q

vaccine (active immunotherapy)

A

contain antigens from the patient’s tumor cells, stimulate the patient’s T cells to recognize and kill the cancerous cells

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13
Q

transfer of immune cells

A

in bone marrow transplantation, T lymphocytes from a donor can replace a patient’s immune system with new cells that recognize tumor cells as foreign and kill them

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14
Q

vaccine

A

weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease

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15
Q

adaptive immunity

A

-ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
-lymphocytes
-antibodies
-memory: second exposure
-vaccination
-immunoglobulins
-maternal antibodies

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16
Q

adenoids

A

mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx

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17
Q

antibody

A

protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens

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18
Q

antigen

A

substance that the body recognizes as foreign, evokes a immune response

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19
Q

axillary nodes

A

lymph nodes in the armpit

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20
Q

B cell (B lymphocytes)

A

lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies

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21
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells that respond to antigens and destroy them

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22
Q

cervical nodes

A

lymph nodes in neck region

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23
Q

complement system

A

proteins in the blood that help antibodies and kill their target

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24
Q

cytokines

A

proteins secreted by antitoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction

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25
Q

cytotoxin T cell (CD8+ T cell)

A

lymphocyte that directly kills antigens

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26
Q

dendritic cell

A

antigen-presenting cell, shows T and B cells what to attack

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27
Q

helper T cell (CD4+ T cell)

A

lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cell

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28
Q

humoral immunity

A

B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens, type of adaptive immunity

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29
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies secreted by plasma cells in response to the presence of an antigen

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30
Q

immunotherapy

A

use of immune cells, antibodies, vaccines to treat/prevent disease

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31
Q

inguinal nodes

A

lymph nodes in groin region

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32
Q

interferons

A

proteins secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate immune response

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33
Q

interleukins

A

proteins that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes

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34
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid in spaces between cells becomes lymph in lymph capillaries

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35
Q

lymph capillaries

A

thinnest lymphatic vessels

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36
Q

lymph node

A

collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue and lymph vessels

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37
Q

macrophage

A

large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body

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38
Q

lymph vessels

A

carrier of lymph throughout the body

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39
Q

mediastinal nodes

A

lymph nodes in the area between the thoracic cavity

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40
Q

mesenteric nodes

A

lymph nodes in mesentery (intestine)

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41
Q

natural immunity

A

-protection that an individual is born with to fight infection
-phagocytosis
-macrophages
-natural killer cells

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42
Q

paraaortic nodes

A

lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar area of the body

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43
Q

plasma cell

A

lymphocyte that secretes antibodies matures from B lymphocytes

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44
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right of the body, empties in large neck vein

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45
Q

spleen

A

organ in the LUQ of the abdomen that destroys worn-out RBCs, activates lymphocytes & stores blood

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46
Q

supressor T cell (Treg)

A

lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B & T cells

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47
Q

T cell (T lymphocyte)

A

lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produces chemical toxic to antigens

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48
Q

tolerance

A

ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly

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49
Q

thoracic duct

A

drains lymph from the lower and left side of body,empties into large veins in neck

50
Q

tonsils

A

masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx

51
Q

thymus gland

A

lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells

52
Q

toxin

A

poison, a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants

53
Q

vaccination

A

exposure of an individual to an antigen that produces an immune response that will destroy any cell with the antigen and will protect against infection

54
Q

immun/o

A

protection, immune

55
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

56
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph node

57
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

58
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

59
Q

tox/o

A

poison

60
Q

ana-

A

again,anew

61
Q

inter-

A

between

62
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

-destroys T helper cells (CD4+ cells)
-opportunistic infections
-malignancies (kaposi sarcoma, wasting syndrome)

63
Q

reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI)

A

inhibit viral enzyme called reverse trancriptase

64
Q

protease inhibitors

A

inhibit viral protolytic enzyme

65
Q

high active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)

A

combination of RTI & protease inhibitors to treat AIDS

66
Q

allergy

A

abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigen

67
Q

lymphoma

A

malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue

68
Q

multiple myeloma

A

malignant tumor of bone marrow cells

69
Q

thymoma

A

-tumor of the thymus gland
-associated with myasthenia gravis
-patients may have other immune disorders like lupus erythematous & rheumatoid arthritis

70
Q

CD4+ cell count

A

measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream with patients with AIDS

71
Q

ELISA test

A

detects anti-HIV antibodies, western blot given as follow-up

72
Q

immunoelectrophoresis

A

separates immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD)

73
Q

viral load test

A

measures the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in bloodstream

74
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

75
Q

CD4+ cell

A

helper T cell

76
Q

CD8+ cell

A

cytotoxic T cell

77
Q

CMV

A

cytomegalovirus

78
Q

Crypto

A

cryptocossus

79
Q

ELISA

A

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

80
Q

HAART

A

highly active antiretroviral therapy

81
Q

Histo

A

histoplasmosis

82
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

83
Q

HSV

A

herpes simplex virus

84
Q

IL38 to IL5

A

interleukins

85
Q

KS

A

kaposi sarcoma

86
Q

MAI

A

mycobacterium avian-intracellulare (MAI) complex

87
Q

MoAB

A

monoclonal antibody

88
Q

NHL

A

non-hodgkin lymphoma

89
Q

PCP

A

pneumocystis pneumonia

90
Q

PI

A

protease inhibitor

91
Q

RTI

A

reverse transcriptase inhibitor

92
Q

SCID

A

severe combines immunodeficiency disease

93
Q

Treg

A

regulatory T cell (suppressor T cell)

94
Q

Toxo

A

toxoplasmosis

95
Q

-cytosis

A

condition of cells, slight increase in numbers

96
Q

-edema

A

swelling

97
Q

-phylaxis

A

protection

98
Q

-poiesis

A

formation

99
Q

-stitial

A

to set, pertaining to standing or positioned

100
Q

-suppression

A

to stop

101
Q

splenectomy

A

removal of spleen

102
Q

splenomegaly

A

enlargement of spleen

103
Q

lymphopoiesus

A

formation of lymph

104
Q

lymphalentitis

A

inflammation of lymph glands (nodes)

105
Q

lymphocytopenia

A

deficiency of lymph cells

106
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

disease of lymph glands (nodes)

107
Q

hypersplenism

A

syndrome marked by enlargement of the spleen and associated with anemia, leukopenia & thrombocytopenia

108
Q

anaphylaxis

A

extraordinary hypersensitivity to a foreign protein, marked by hypertension, shock & respiratory disease

109
Q

allergen

A

antigen capable of causing allergy (hypersensitivity)

110
Q

AIDS disorder

A

disorder in which the immune system is suppressed by exposure to HIV

111
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of a mediastinal organ

112
Q

hodgkin lymphoma

A

malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the lymph nodes and spleen, Reed-Sternberg cells are in lymph nodes

113
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling of tissues due to interstitial fluid accumulation

114
Q

kaposi sarcoma (KS)

A

malignant condition associated with AIDS (purplish skin nodules appear)

115
Q

HIV virus

A

retrovirus that causes AIDS

116
Q

opportunistic infections

A

group of infectious diseases associated with AIDS

117
Q

viral load test

A

measures the amount of HIV in blood

118
Q

wasting syndrome

A

weight loss with decreased muscular strength, appetite & mental activity

119
Q

reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI)

A

drug used to treat AIDS by blocking an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV

120
Q

protease inhibitor (PI)

A

drug used to treat AIDS by blocking the production of an enzyme that creates new viral pieces for HIV

121
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

chronic, disabling diseases caused by abnormal production of antibodies to normal tissue

122
Q

atopy

A

hypersensitivity or allergic state with an inherited predisposition

medical terminolgy (22 decks)

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