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Emergency care and transport of the sick and injured textbook > Chapter 6-the Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 6-the Human Body Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

Topographic anatomy

A

The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them

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2
Q

Anatomic position

A

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forwards, or is it the side with the palms of the hands forward

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3
Q

Are directional terms from your perspective or the patient’s perspective?

A

The patient’s perspective

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4
Q

What are the four planes of the body

A

The coronal plane, the transverse plane, The midsagittal plane, and the Sagittal plane

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5
Q

Coronal plane (frontal plane)

A

Divides the body into a front and back portion

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6
Q

Transverse (axial) plane

A

Divides the body into a top and bottom portion

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7
Q

Sagittal (lateral) plane

A

Divides the body into a left and right (not always equal) portions

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8
Q

The midsagittal plane (midline)

A

A type of Sagittal plane where the body is divided into equal left and right halves

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9
Q

Skelton

A

Gives the body it’s recognizable human form and protects the vital internal organs. It has 206 bones

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10
Q

Ligaments

A

Fibrous tissues that connects bones to each other

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11
Q

Tendons

A

Rope like structures that connect the muscles to bones

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12
Q

Cartilage

A

The smooth connective tissue that covers the ends of bones at mobile joints

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13
Q

What two main portions are the skeletal system divided into?

A

The axial skeleton, and the appendicular skeleton

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14
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Forms the foundation to which the arms and legs are attached. It is composed of the skull facial bones, Thoracic cage, and vertebral column

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15
Q

Thoracic cage

A

The chest or rib cage

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16
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

The arms and legs, their connective points, and the pelvis

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17
Q

Thorax

A

The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels

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18
Q

What two groups of bones are the skull composed of?

A

The cranium and the facial bones

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19
Q

The cranium

A

Composed of a number of thick bone is the fuse together to form a shell above the eyes and ears that holds and protects the brain

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20
Q

Foramen magnum

A

The large opening at the base of the skull that the brain connects to the spinal cord through

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21
Q

What four major bones make up the cranium?

A

Occiput bones, temporal bones, parietal bones, and frontal bone

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22
Q

Occiput

A

Most posterior bone of the cranium

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23
Q

Temporal bones

A

On each side of the cranium, the lateral portions (temples)

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24
Q

Parietal bones

A

Between the temporal region’s and the occiput

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25
Q

Frontal bone

A

The forehead

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26
Q

What bones make up the face?

A

The maxillae, zygomas, mandible, orbit nasal bones,

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27
Q

Maxillae

A

The upper, non-movable jaw bones

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28
Q

Zygomas

A

The cheek bones

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29
Q

Mandible

A

The lower, movable portion of the jaw

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30
Q

Orbit

A

Made up of two facial bones, the maxilla and the zygoma

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31
Q

How many bones does the spinal column have

A

33

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32
Q

Vertebrae

A

The name of the bones in the spine

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33
Q

Cervical spine

A

The first seven vertebrae in the neck form the cervical spine.

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34
Q

Thoracic spine

A

The next 12 vertebrae make up the Thoracic spine. One pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae

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35
Q

Lumbar spine

A

The next five vertebrae from the lumbar spine after the thoracic spine

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36
Q

Sacrum

A

The five sacral vertebrae are fused together to form one bone called the sacrum

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37
Q

Coccyx

A

Last four vertebrae of the spine, also fused together to form the tailbone (or coccyx

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38
Q

Sternum

A

Located in the anterior midline of the chest

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39
Q

What are the three components of the sternum?

A

The manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process

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40
Q

Manubrium

A

The upper section of the sternum

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41
Q

The body (part of sternum)

A

The body makes up the rest of the sternum besides the manubrium, and xiphoid process

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42
Q

Xiphoid process

A

A cartilaginous Tip (inferior of sternum)

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43
Q

Joint

A

Consists of the ends of the bones that make up the joint in the surrounding connecting in supporting tissue

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44
Q

Symphysis

A

Joints with limited motion in which the bone ends are held together by fibrous tissue

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45
Q

Joint capsule

A

A fibrous sac that holds the bone ends of a joint together

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46
Q

Sacroiliac joint

A

A joint that is surrounded by tough, thick ligaments and has a little motion

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47
Q

Articular cartilage

A

The thin layer of cartilage that covers the ends of the bones in moving joints

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48
Q

Synovial membrane

A

A special tissue on the inner lining of the joint capsule

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49
Q

Synovial fluid

A

An oil like substance created by the synovial membrane that allows the ends of bones to glide over each other as opposed to rubbing and grading

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50
Q

Ball-and-socket joint

A

A joint that allows rotation and bending, like the shoulder

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51
Q

Hinge joints

A

Joints with motion restricted to flexion (bending) and extension (straightening)
The finger, knees, and elbows

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52
Q

Shoulder girdle

A

Where are three bones come together, allowing the arm to move

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53
Q

What are the three bones of the shoulder girdle

A

The clavicle, the scapula, and the humerus

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54
Q

Clavicle (collar bone)

A

Lateral to the sternum and anterior to the scapula

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55
Q

Scapula (shoulder blade)

A

Lies in the muscular tissue of the posterior thoracic wall

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56
Q

Humerus

A

Supporting born of the arm, it’s long straight shaft serves as an effective lever for heavy lifting

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57
Q

What to bones does the forearm consist of

A

The radius and the ulna

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58
Q

Ulna

A

Larger in the proximal forearm, and helps to form the elbow joint

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59
Q

Radius

A

Larger in the distal forearm, lies on the lateral or thumb side the forearm

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60
Q

What are the bones in your wrist called?

A

Carpal bones

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61
Q

What three bones does the pelvis consist of?

A

The sacrum and the two pelvic bones

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62
Q

Each pelvic bone is formed by the fusion of what three separate bones?

A

The ilium, ischium, and Pubis

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63
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Where the left and right pubis join on the anterior side of the pelvic ring. It has cartilage within it that allows for slight motion

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64
Q

Acetabulum

A

The part of the pelvis where the leg connects to the hip joint

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65
Q

Femur (thigh bone)

A

The longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

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66
Q

Femoral head

A

At the superior end of the femur

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67
Q

Greater trochanter

A

The femur projection that is on the lateral/superior portion between the femoral neck and shaft

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68
Q

Lesser trochanter

A

The projection on the medial/inferior portion between the femoral neck and shaft

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69
Q

What are the projections of the femur for

A

They are the anchor points where the major muscles of the thigh connect to the femur

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70
Q

Patella (knee cap)

A

A specialized bone anterior to the knee

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71
Q

What two bones are the lower leg made up of?

A

The tibia and the fibula

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72
Q

Tibia (shinbone)

A

The larger bone and lies in the anterior of the leg

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73
Q

Fibula

A

Lies on the lateral side of the leg

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74
Q

Name the functions of the skeletal system

A

It gives the body shape
Provides protection of fragile organs
Allows for movement
Storage for calcium

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75
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A

Refers to the bones and voluntary muscles of the body. Also protects the vital organs

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76
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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77
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Attached to the Bones of the body skeleton, forms The major muscle mass of the body

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78
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Found within blood vessels and intestines

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79
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Only found within the heart is able to create and conduct its own electrical pulses

80
Q

Voluntary muscle

A

Skeletal Muscle, is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be stimulated to contract or rest at will

81
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

A muscle over which you have no conscious control, such as the heart

82
Q

Biceps

A

Muscle of the upper arms, located on the anterior part of the humerus

83
Q

What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?

A

Ability to move in manipulate your environment is made possible by the contraction and relaxation of this system
When you get cold, your muscles involuntary shake or shiver to produce and maintain Homeostasis

84
Q

Respiratory system

A

Consists of all of the structures of the body that contribute to respiration, or the process of breathing. Includes the nose, mouth, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles. Also the lungs, and the diaphragm

85
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Above the roof of the mouth and soft palate

86
Q

What to passageways are located at the bottom of the pharynx?

A

The trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus

87
Q

Trachea

A

Approximately 5 inches long and is a semirigid, enclosed air tube made up of rings of cartilage that are open in the back. The rings of cartilage keep the trachea from collapsing when air moves into and out of the lungs

88
Q

What does the upper airway include?

A

Includes the nose, mouth, tongue, jaw, pharynx, and larynx

89
Q

Larynx

A

Usually considered the dividing line between the upper and lower airway, it is a complex arrangement of cartilage, small bones, muscle, and two vocal chords. The larynx won’t tolerate any food or liquid, or you will have a violent coughing session

90
Q

Oropharynx

A

The throat. The nose and mouth lead up to the oropharynx.

91
Q

Epiglottis

A

Leaf shaped flap protecting the opening of the trachea. This flap allows air to pass in the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering the airway under normal circumstances

92
Q

Adam’s apple (thyroid cartilage)

A

Tends to be more visible in men, is in the anterior midline portion of the neck. Tiny muscles open and close the vocal cords and control tension on them

93
Q

Circoid cartilage

A

Immediately below the thyroid cartilage is the palpable circoid cartilage.

94
Q

Cricothyroid membrane

A

Between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage lies the cricothyroid membrane

95
Q

What holds the two lungs in place?

A

The trachea, the arteries and veins, in the pulmonary ligaments.

96
Q

Alveoli

A

(In the lungs) The bronchioles end in about 700 million tiny grape like air sacs called alveoli

97
Q

Pleura

A

Smooth, glistening tissue covering each lung

98
Q

Diaphragm

A

Has voluntary and involuntary muscles. Divides the thorax from the abdomen and is pierced by the great vessels and the esophagus. When you sleep it is automatic, yet you can suppose to hold your breath

99
Q

Ventilation

A

The simple movement between air and the environment

100
Q

Respiration

A

The process of gas exchange

101
Q

Diffusion

A

A passive process in which molecules move from an area with a higher concentration of molecules to an area of lower concentration

102
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

A colorless fluid in and around the brain and the spinal cord the cushions the structures and filters out impurities and toxins

103
Q

Hypoxic drive

A

When the oxygen level falls, the system will also stimulate breathing. The “backup system”

104
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air that is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath, generally 500 mL in an adult

105
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The deepest breath you can take after a normal breath

106
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

The maximum amount of air that you can forcibly breathe out after a normal breath

107
Q

Residual volume

A

Gas that remains in the lungs after exhalation to keep the lungs open

108
Q

Dead space

A

The portion of the respiratory system that has no Alveoli, and therefore a little or no exchange of gas between air and blood occurs

109
Q

Minute volume

A

A measure used to assess the amount of air that moves in and out of the longs in one minute. Minute volume = respiratory rate x title volume

110
Q

Characteristics of normal breathing

A
  • a normal rate and depth
  • a regular rhythm or pattern of inhalation and exhalation
  • clear, audible breath sounds on both sides of the chest
  • regular rise and fall movement on both sides of the chest
  • movement is the abdomen
111
Q

Labored breathing

A

When you are working hard to breath

112
Q

Signs a person is not breathing well

A
  • muscle retractions above the clavicles, between the ribs, and below the rib cage, especially in children
  • pale or cyanotic
  • cool, damp or clammy
  • tripod position
113
Q

Agonal gasps

A

Patient in cardiac arrest may appear to be breathing, these occasional, gasping breath’s are called agonal gasps and occur when the respiratory center in the brain continues to send signals to the breathing muscles

114
Q

Circulatory system

A

A complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterials, capillaries, venules, and veins

115
Q

What are the two circuits in the body?

A

The systematic circulation in the body, and the pulmonary circulation in the lungs

116
Q

Heart

A

A hollow muscular organ approximately the size of a clenched fist. It is made of specialized muscle tissue called cardiac muscle or myocardium and works as two paired pumps

117
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle

118
Q

Atrium

A

The upper chamber of the heart

119
Q

Ventricle

A

The lower chamber of the heart

120
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs to the pulmonary veins and to the left Atrium, where it then moves to the left ventricle

121
Q

Chordae tendinea

A

Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

122
Q

Heart rate

A

The speed of contractions of the heart

123
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

The amount of blood moved in one beat

124
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

Amount of blood moved in a minute

CO=HRxSV

125
Q

Tunica media

A

The middle layer of the artery. Where smooth muscles are found that can contract in dilate to change the diameter of the blood vessel

126
Q

Aorta

A

The main artery leaving the back left side of the heart, it carries freshly oxygenated blood to the body

127
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Begins at the right side of the heart and carries oxygen depleted blood to the lungs

128
Q

Arterioles

A

The smallest branches of an artery leading to the vast network of capillaries

129
Q

Pulse

A

Palpated easiest at the neck, wrist, or groin, and is created by the force of pumping of blood out of the left ventricle and into the major arteries

130
Q

Capillary vessels

A

Fragile divisions of the arterial system that allow contact between the blood and the cells of the tissues

131
Q

Sphincters

A

Sphincters are small muscles in the arterials that can be open or closed

132
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Carries blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities

133
Q

Inferior Venna cava

A

Blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities passes through this

134
Q

Systematic vascular resistance (SVR)

A

SVR is the resistance to bloodflow within all of the blood vessels except the pulmonary vessels

135
Q

What is the spleen for?

A

all of the blood in the body passes to the spleen where it is filtered. Worn out blood cells, foreign substances, and bacteria are removed from the blood, and hemoglobin is recycled

136
Q

What are the four elements of blood?

A

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, Platelets, and protein molecules

137
Q

Plasma

A

It’s sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients. This is the liquid portion of the blood.

138
Q

Red blood cells (erythocytes)

A

Contain hemoglobin, which gives blood it’s red color. Hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen.

139
Q

White blood cells (leukocytes)

A

Plays a role in the body’s immune defense mechanisms against infection

140
Q

Platelets

A

Tiny, disc shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells. They are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot

141
Q

Blood pressure (BP)

A

The pressure of the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them

142
Q

Systole

A

A phase of muscular contraction where the cardiac muscle of the left ventricle contracts and pumps blood from the ventricle into the aorta

143
Q

Diastole

A

when the muscle of the ventricle relaxes and the ventricles filled with blood

144
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Blood pressure cuff

145
Q

Perfusion

A

The circulation of blood in an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells current needs

146
Q

Shock (hypo perfusion)

A

The state of in adequate circulation when it involves the whole body

147
Q

Interstitial space

A

Space between the cells

148
Q

What two main forces are at work inside the capillary

A

The hydrostatic pressure, and oncotic pressure

149
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Occurs as fluid pushes against a vessel walls to force fluid out of the capillary

150
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

The opposing force and occurs because proteins in the blood plasma cause water to be pulled in the capillary by diffusion

151
Q

Epinephrine and non-epinephrine

A

Also knows as adrenaline and non adrenaline, and is secreted to stimulate the heart and blood vessels and improves the ability to cope with stress, known as the fight or flight reaction

152
Q

Adrenergic

A

Refers to the adrenal gland

153
Q

Nervous system

A

Composed of two major structures, the brain and the spinal cord, and thousands of nerves that allow every part of the body to communicate.

154
Q

What two main portions is the nervous system divided into?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

155
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

156
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord that link the central nervous system to various organs of the body

157
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Regulates activities over which there is voluntary control, such as walking, talking, and writing.

158
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls the many body functions that occur without voluntary control, including digestion, dilation and constriction of the blood vessels, sweating, and all other involuntary actions that are necessary for basic body functions

159
Q

Brain

A

The controlling organ of the body. It is the center of consciousness. It is responsible for all of your voluntary body activities, your perception of your surroundings, and the control of your reactions to the environment

160
Q

What are the three major subdivisions of the brain?

A

The cerebellum, the cerebrum, and the brain stem

161
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain and is sometimes called the gray matter, makes up about 3/4 of the volume of the brain and is composed of four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. The frontal lobe is responsible for the activity of all the voluntary muscles in the body. The parietal lobe can receive sensory impulses. your occipital lobe receives visual impulses. It’s also responsible for emotions and other characteristics

162
Q

Cerebellum

A

The major function is to coordinate the various activities of the body, particularly body movements

163
Q

Brainstem

A

Located deep in the cranium and is the best protected part of the central nervous system. The brainstem is the controlling center for virtually all body functions that are absolutely necessary for life

164
Q

What three areas are in the brain stem?

A

The midbrain, the pons, and medulla oblongata

165
Q

Spinal cord

A

And extension of the brainstem. Contains nerve cell bodies, but the major portion is made up of nerve fibers that extend from the cells of the brain. Transmits information to and from the brain

166
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Generally slows down the body. Slows your heart rate and respiration is in allows your food to be properly digested.

167
Q

What are the two types of nerves within the peripheral nervous system?

A

Sensory nerves and motor nerves

168
Q

Sensory nerves

A

When a sensory cell is stimulated, it transmits its own special message to the brain. Sensory impulses constantly provide information to the brain about what the different parts of the body are doing in relation to your surroundings, continuously making you aware of your surroundings

169
Q

Motor nerves

A

Carry information from the brain to the muscles of the body

170
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

Layer that lies below the skin

171
Q

Epidermis

A

Most superficial layer of the skin and berries in thickness in different areas of the body

172
Q

Dermis

A

Sweat glands, oil glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, and specialized nerve endings. It’s the second layer of the skin

173
Q

Sweat glands

A

Produce sweat for cooling the body

174
Q

Mucous membranes

A

They line orifices, (openings to the body) mucous membranes are quite similar to skin because they provide a protective barrier against bacterial infection. However they secrete mucus

175
Q

Mucus

A

It watery substance that lubricates the openings of the body

176
Q

Digestion

A

The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body

177
Q

Abdomen

A

Second major body cavity, it contains the major organs of digestion and excretion

178
Q

Cecum

A

Found in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen

179
Q

Appendix

A

Attached to the lower border of the Cecum

180
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Organs that lie behind the abdominal cavity, such as the kidneys and pancreas

181
Q

Salivary glands

A

Serves as a binder for the chewed food that is being swallowed in as a lubricant within the mouth

182
Q

Esophagus

A

Contractions of the muscles in the wall of the esophagus propels food through it to the stomach

183
Q

Pancreas

A

If flat, solid organ, lies below in behind the liver and stomach. It secretes pancreatic juice that contains enzymes that aid in the digestion of fat starch and protein. Also insulin and Glucagon are produced (regulate the amount of glucose in blood)

184
Q

Liver

A

Largest solid organ in the abdomen and has several functions. Blood is filtered through the liver . Between. Five in 1 L of bile is made by the liver daily to assist in the normal digestion of fat. The liver is the main organ for the storage of sugar or starch for immediate use by the body for energy

185
Q

Bile ducts

A

The liver is connected to the intestine by bile ducts

186
Q

Small intestine

A

Major hollow organ of the abdomen. The small intestine is where 90% of digestion of food takes place

187
Q

Large intestine

A

The job of the large intestine is to absorb the final 5 to 10% of digested food and water from the intestine to form a solid stool

188
Q

Rectum

A

A large, hollow organ that is adapted to store quantities of feces until it is expelled

189
Q

Lymph

A

A fluid that carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and waste products of the metabolism away from the cells

190
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Main job is to filter lymph

191
Q

Endocrine system

A

A complex message and control system that integrates many body functions

192
Q

Hormones

A

Can have stimulating or in inhibiting affect on the bodies organs and systems

193
Q

Urinary system

A

Controls the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood by the kidneys

194
Q

The three main functions of the urinary system are

A

To control fluid balance in the body, to filter and aluminate waste, to control pH balance

195
Q

Kidneys

A

These organs read the blood of toxic waste products in control its balance of water and salt

196
Q

Vasa deferentia

A

What carries sperm during ejaculation

197
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce sex hormones and specialized cells for reproduction

Emergency care and transport of the sick and injured textbook (37 decks)

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