Chapter 10- Airway Management Flashcards
How long does it take for brain tissue to die without o2?
4-6 minutes
Diffusion
A process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
How are the airways divided?
The upper and lower airway
Nasopharynx
The nasal cavity. It’s lined with a mucous that keeps contaminants out, as well as warms and humidifies air entering the body
Oropharynx
Forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity. Protected laterally by cheeks and inferiorly by tongue
Epiglottis
Helps seperate digestive system from the respiratory system. It prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing
Larynx
A complex structure formed by many cartilaginous structures. Where the upper airway ends and the lower airway begins. Also called the voice box
Glottis
The space between the vocal chords and the narrowest portion of the adults airway
Vocal chords
Thin white bands of muscular tissue. Lateral to the glottis, primary center for speech production
What the function of the lower airway?
To deliver o2 to the alveoli
Carina
Point in which the trachea divides into the left and right bronchi
Visceral pleura
The slippery outer membrane covering the lungs
Parietal pleura
Lines the inside of the thoracic cavity
Bronchioles
Thin, hollow tubes made of smooth muscle. The smooth muscles allow the bronchioles to dilate or constrict
Mediastinum
The space between the lungs, surrounded by tough connective tissue
Phrenic nerve
Innervates the diaphragm Michel
Partial pressure
the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid, such as blood. Measure in millimeters or Mercury (mm Hg)
Ventilation
The physical act of air moving in and out of the lungs
Oxygenation
The process of loading o2 molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in the bloodstream
Respiration
The actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the Alvioli as well as the tissues
Inhalation
The active, muscular part of breathing. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
Tidal volume
The amount of air that is moved in or out of the lungs during one breath
Residual volume
The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
Alveolar ventilation
The volume of air that reaches the Alviola
Dead space air - tidal volume
Minute volume
The amount of air breathed in an out in one minute
Tidal volume X respiratory rate
Alveolar minute volume
The volume of their moved through the lungs in one minute minus the dead space Tidal volume (minus dead space) - respiratory rate
Vital capacity
The amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after breathing in as deeply as possible
Dead space
The portion of the title volume that does not reach alveoli and doesn’t produce has exchange
Hypoxia
A dangerous condition where the tissues and cells don’t get enough oxegyen
Hypoxic drive
The body’s “backup” breathing system. Typically found in the end stage of COPD.
What a early signs of hypoxia?
Restlessness, irritability, apprehension, tachycardia, anxiety
What are the late stages of hypoxia
A week thready pulse, and cyanosis
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath
Metabolism (cellular respiration)
The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells
External respiration (Pulmonary respiration)
The process of breathing fresh air into the respiratory system and exchanging 02 and CO2 between the Alvioli in the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
Surfactant
Reduces surface tension within the Alvioli and keeps them expanded, making it easier for gas exchange between O2 and CO2
Internal respiration
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the systemic circulatory system in the cells of the body
Aerobic metabolism
Occurs in the presence of oxygen, cells convert glucose into energy
Anaerobic metabolism
Without adequate oxygen, the cells do not completely convert glucose into energy, and lactic acid and other toxins accumulate in the cell
Chemoreceptors
Monitor levels of o2, co2, hydrogen ions, and the Ph of the cerebrospinal fluid and then provide feedback to the respiratory centers to modify the rate and depth of breathing based on the body’s needs
Hypercarbia
Increased c02 in the bloodstream
Intrapulmonary shunting
Blood enters the heart from the right side of the heart bypassing the alveoli, and returns to the left side unoxygenated
Normal respiratory range for adults, kids, and infants
Adults: 12-20/min
Children: 15-30/min
Infants: 25-50/min
Cheyne stokes respiration
Irregular respiratory pattern in which the patient braids with an increasing rate and depth, followed by a period of apnea (lack of spontaneous breathing)
Apnea
Lack of spontaneous breathing
Kussmaul respirations
Deep, rapid respirations
Oxegynation saturation
The measure of percentage of hemoglobin molecules that are bound in arterial blood.
Pulse oximeter
Measures the percentage of hemoglobin saturation
End title CO2
The maximum concentration of CO2 at the end Of an exhaled breath breath
Capnometry
Typically refers to a device that provides a digital numerical reading of the end title CO2 level
Capnography
Provides a numerical reading and a graph, or real time image of the end title CO2 levels from breath breath
Suction catheter
A hollow, cylindrical device that is used to remove fluid from the patients airway
Stoma
In opening to the skin that goes into an organ or other structure
Never suction the mouth or nose for more than how many seconds for adults, kids, and infants
Adults: 15 seconds
Kids: 10 seconds
Infants:5 seconds
Oropharyngeal airway (oral airway)
Has two purposes. To keep the tongue from blocking the upper airway, and to make it easier to suction if necessary
Nasopharyngeal airway
Usually used with an unresponsive patient or patient with an altered level of consciousness who has an intact gag reflex and is not able to maintain his or her airway spontaneously
Pin indexing system
The compressed gas industry has created this system for portable cylinders to prevent you from putting regulators on wrong tanks
O2 delivery devices Nasal canula NonRebreathing mask with reservoir BMV with reservoir Mouth to mask device
Nasal cannula: 12 6 L per minute. 24% to 44% oxygen delivered
Non-rebreathing mask with reservoir: 10 to 15 L per minute up to 95% oxygen
BVM with reservoir: 15 L per minute, nearly 100% oxygen delivered
Mouth to mask device: 15 L per minute, nearly 55% o2 delivered
Sellick maneuver (cricoid pressure)
Using a thumb and index finger to put pressure on the larynx to reduce gastric contents from entering the esophagus. However this is not recommended because it may impede ventilation And not prevent aspiration
Indications that artificial ventilation is adequate
- visible and equal chest rise and fall
- ventilations delivered at the appropriate rate
10 to 12 breaths for an adult
12 to 20 breaths for a child - heart rate returns to normal range
- patients color is improving
Indications that artificial ventilation is in adequate
- minimal or no chest rise or fall
- ventilations I deliver too fast or too slowly for patient’s age
- heart rate does not return to normal range
- patients skin color remains not normal
Passive ventilation
The act of air in or out of the lungs during chest compressions
Manually triggered ventilation device
A fixed flow rate ventilation device that delivers a breath every time it’s button is pushed, also referred to as flow restricted, oxygen powered ventilation device
Automatic transport ventilator
A ventilation device attached to a control box that allows the variables of ventilation to be said. It frees the EMT to perform other tasks
Compliance
The ability of the alveoli to expand when airs drawn in during inhalation
Continuous positive airway pressure
A noninvasive means of providing ventilatory support for patients experiencing respiratory distress.
What does wheezing typically indicate?
A mild lower airway obstruction
Stridor
A high pitched noise heard on inspiration. Usually an indication of a mild upper airway obstruction
