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Biology 108 > Chapter 6 reverse > Flashcards

Chapter 6 reverse Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

reverse

Responsible for all types of body movement

A

Muscles

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2
Q

reverse

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

A

3 types of muscle

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3
Q

reverse

skeletal and smooth are elongated

contraction is due to movement of microfilaments

myo and mys refers to muscle

A

Muscle charactoristics

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4
Q

reverse

attached by tendons

cells are multinucleated striated,

have visible banding voluntary

A

Skeletal Muscle

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5
Q

reverse

cells surrounded and bundled by connective tissue

Endomysium

Perimysium

Epimysium

Fascia

A

connective tissue wrappings

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6
Q

reverse

encloses a single muscle finber

A

Endomysium

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7
Q

reverse

wraps around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fiber

A

Perimysium

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8
Q

reverse

covers entire skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium

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9
Q

reverse

on the outside of the epimysium

A

Fascia

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10
Q

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epimysium blends into tendons

A

Skeletal muscle attachments

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11
Q

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cord like structures that connect muscle to bone

mostly collogen fibers

A

Tendons

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12
Q

reverse

lack striations

spindle shaped cells

singel nucleus

involuntary

mainly in wall of hollow organs

A

Smooth muscle chacteristics

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13
Q

reverse

Striations

usually single nucleus branching cells

joined by intercalated disc

involuntary

found only in heart

A

Cardiac muscle characteristics

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14
Q

reverse

produce movement

maintain posture

stabilize joints

generate heat

A

Muscle functions

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15
Q

reverse

thin elongated cylindrical cell with rounded ends

extends length of muscle

sarcolemma

transverse tubules

myofibrils

sarcoplasmic reticulum

striation pattern

sarcomere

A

Skeletal muscle fiber

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16
Q

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plasma membrane

A

Sarcolemma

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17
Q

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invaginations of sarcolemma

entend all through fiber

A

transverse tubules

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18
Q

reverse

bundle of contractile proteins

think filament-myosin

thin filament-actin

A

myofibrils

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19
Q

reverse

modified ER

sacs and tubes that surround each myofibril

stores Ca+2

A

sarcoplacsmic reticulum

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20
Q

reverse

due to arrangement of thin and thick fibers

A band: dark think filament

I band: thin filament anchored to Z lines

A

striation pattern

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21
Q

reverse

contractile unit of muscle

segment of myofirbril between 2 Z lines

A

Sarcomere

22
Q

reverse

myosin

2 twisted proteins with globular heads (cross bridges) projecting outwards

myosin cross bridge head has ATPase enzymes

energy released cocks myosin head to prepare for binding wtih actin

A

Sarcomere organization

myosin

23
Q

reverse

composed of many myosin molecules

located in center of sarcomere

A

thick filaments

24
Q

reverse

double stranded helical molecule

each actin monomer has binding site for myosin

troponin and tropomyosin are regulatory proteins found on thin filament

A

Actin

25
Q

reverse

actin is the main protein

anchored to the Z disc

A

thin filament

26
Q

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region in the center of “A” band that contains only myosin at rest

A

H zone

27
Q

reverse

proteins that hold myosin molecules in place

A

M line

28
Q

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ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

A

Excitability

29
Q

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ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received

A

Contractabillity

30
Q

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ability of muscle cells to be stretched

A

Extensibility

31
Q

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ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching

A

Elasticity

32
Q

reverse

skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a motor neuron to contract

A

muscle contraction

33
Q

reverse

one motor neuron

all of skeletal muscles cells are stimulated by that neuron

A

Motor unit

34
Q

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connection between axon terminal of the motor neuron and muscle

A

Neuromuscular Junction

35
Q

reverse

Axon terminal contains the synaptic vesicles

vesicles contain neurotransmitters

transmitters are chemicals taht transmit signal from neuron to next cell

A

Motor Neuron

36
Q

reverse

folded region of the sarcolemma under the axon terminal

contains Ach receptors

A

Motor End Plate

37
Q

reverse

gap between nerve and muscle

filled with interstitial fluid

A

Synaptic Cleft

38
Q

reverse

Nerve impulse reaches axon terminals of motor neuron

synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine (ACh)

ACh diffuses across cleft and binds to receptors on motor end plate

sarcolemma becomes permeable to Na+

Na+ rushes into the cell generating an action potential

action potential travels on sarcolemma and stimulates muscle fiber to contract

A

transmission of Nerve Impulse to Muscle

39
Q

reverse

muscle contraction involves the shortening of all the sarcomeres within a muscle fiber

A

sliding filament theory

40
Q

reverse

myosin pulls the thin filaments intothe center of the sarcomere

thin filaments slide past the think filaments

A

sliding filament theory

41
Q

reverse

once stimulated an action potential travels along sarcolemma down t-tublules

causes SR to release Ca+2

Ca+2 binds to troponin

troponin and tropomyosin move exposing binding site for myosin on actin

myosin cross bridge binds to actin

phosphate and SDP are released from cross bridge

myosin cross bridge changes and pulls actin in (power stroke)

new ATP binds to myosin and cross bridge detaches from actin

ATP is hydrolysed and energy is used to “cock” myosin head so it is ready to bind with actin

cross bridge cycle continues if ATP and Ca+2 are present

A

Main events in skeletal muscle contraction

42
Q

reverse

ACh is degraded

muscle fiber is no longer stimulated

Ca+2 is pumped back into the SR

new ATP causes cross bridge to detach from actin

Troponin-tropomyosin move so tropomyosin covers myosin binding site on actin

muscle fiber relaxes

ATP is hydrolysed and energy is used to “cock” myosin cross bridge

ready for further stimulation

A

Skeletal muscle Relaxation

43
Q

reverse

All or None

not all fibers may be stimulated during same interval

different combinations may give different responses

graded responses different degrees of contraction strength

A

Contraction of Skeletal muscle

44
Q

reverse

frequency of stimulation

number of motor units being stimulated at one time

A

contractoin graded responses

45
Q

reverse

stored ATP

only 4-6 secons is stored

other pathways to produce ATP

A

Energy for contraction

46
Q

reverse

muscle cells store CP (high energy molecule)

CP supplies are exhausted in less than 15 seconds

A

Direct Phosphorylation of ADP

47
Q

reverse

occurs when O2 is limited or absent

produces 2 ATP and lactic acid

not as efficient but fast

about 40 seconds of energy

A

Anerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation

48
Q

reverse

Main source of ATP

can provide hours of energy

A

Aerobic Respiration

49
Q

reverse

blood

hemoglobin in RBC carries oxygen from lungs

Myoglobin

found in skeletal muscle

temporary storage site for oxygen

A

Cell oxygen source

50
Q

reverse

Muscle unable to contract even with a stimulus

A

muscle fatigue

51
Q

reverse

build up of lactic acid

lack of ATP

depletion of muscle glycogen stores

lack of acetylcholine

A

muscle fatigue causes

Biology 108 (38 decks)

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