Chapter 3 5-6 reverse Flashcards
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Sum of all chemical ractions occurring within a living organism
Metablolism
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protein that controls the rate of a chemical reaction
Enzyme
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Anabolic Catabolic Some are reversible
Metabolic Reactoins
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Building larger molecules from smaller ones synthesis reactions Requires energy
Anabolic Reaction
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Breaking down larger molecules into smller ones releases energy
Catabolic Reaction
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Provides biochemicals for growth and repair occur via Dehydration synthesis Removing one molecule of wather when joining 2 smaller molecules together
Anabolism
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Polymers of simple sugar join sugars remove -OH from one sugar and an -H from another sugar precess continues to form larger polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
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Glycerol plus 3 fatty acid molecules Each fatty acid is joined ot the glycerol through dehydration synthesi bond formed as enzyme removes -H from the hydroxyl group and -OH from the carboxyl group
Triglyceride
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polymers of amino acids formed when -OH is removed from carboxyl group of one and -H is removed from amine group of another Bond is called a PEPTIDE bond
proteins
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Dipeptide 2 amino acids linked polypeptide chain of less than 50 amino acids protein contains 50 to thousands of amino acids
Peptide bonds
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breaks larger molecules into their building blocks occurs in Hydrolysis reaction Carbohydrates proteins Triglycerides
Catabolism
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Assembly line Few linear cells in pathways most pathways are branched
Metabolic pathways
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series of chemical reactions A different enzyme controls each step in the pathway
Metabolic Pathway Assembly linie
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enzymes control rate of reactions first enzyme in pathway is regulatory enzyme rate limiting enzyme Limited supply of this enzyme within cell
metabolic reaction control
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Series of chemical reactions controlled by enzymes about 1/2 of released energy is transferred about 1/2 energy is lost as heat helps maintain body temperature
Cellular Respiration
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Occurs in 3 distinct yet interconnected series of reactions Glycolysis Citric Acid Oxidative Phosphorylation Final products are heat CO2, H2O and ATP
Cellular Respiration
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Adenine base +ribose sugar+3 phosphate groups some energy release is captured in the high energy storage bonds when energy is needed a bond is broken and the energy is released
ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
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Breakdown of glucose occurs in cytoplasm does not require O2 anaerobic phase of cellular respiration substrates glucose products 2 pyruvate 3C molecules net gain 2 ATP 2 NADH Molecules that carry high energy electrons to electron support system in mitochondria limited number of NADH in cell
GLYCOLYSIS
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Citric acid cycle and electron support system occurs within the mitochondria complete oxidation of clucose will produce heat 32 ATP, CO2 and H2O
Aerobic Respiration
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if enough O2 available, pyruvate enters the pathways of aerobic respiration each pyruvate that enters loses one C as CO2 resulting in 2 C molecules combines ith coenzyme A resulting in acetyl/CoA one NADH is produced per pyruvate carry high energy to transport system For each glucose 2 pyruvate enter the mitochondria not enough O2 pyruvate is converted to lactic acid allows NAD+ to accept more electrons so glycolysis continues
Transition reaction
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for one glucose 2 acetyl CoA molecules enter the citric acid cycle each CoA (2C) combines with an oxaloacetic acid (4C) to form citric acid 2 C from each acetyl CoA are released as 2 CO2 1 ATP is formed from GTP 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 carry high energy electrons to transport chain
Citric Acid Krebs Cycle
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includes events of the ETC and Chemiosmosis Electron Transport Chain ETC
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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linked series of proteins includes enzymes and iron containing proteins receive pairs of high energy electrons from NADH FADH electrons are passed from one ETC to the next some energy is released this energy pumps H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space establishes concentration gradient fro H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane high H+ in intermembrane Low H+ in matrix Oxygen requirement electrons usually given to the ETS are given to the O2 if limited O2 available then reaction slow down
Electron transport chain ETC
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Synthesis of ATP using the H+ concentration gradient established by ETC H+ move down the gradient through ATP synthase is couple to the phosphylatoin of ADP ATP synthase is both an enzyme and ion channel
Chemiosmosis
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Products of oxidation of glucose 2 ATP directly from glycolysis 2 ATP directly from the CAC 28 ATP from oxidative phophorylation ETS 6 CO2 water heat
Cellular Respiration Summary
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can be broken down to release energy for ATP substrates can enter pyruvate, acetyl CoA or some other point in glycolysis or citric acid cycle
Lipids and proteins
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DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein proteins have many functions building materials for cells Act as enzymes biological catalysts RNA is essential for protein synthesis
Gene
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Transcription DNA to RNA occurs in Nucleus Translation mRNA to protein occurs in cytoplasm entire process controlled by enzymes
Protein Synthesis
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Sequence of bases in a gene on the DNA codes for the amino acid sequence of specific protein 20 different amino acids Code triplets of bases of DNA that correspond to particular amino acids sequence of nucleotide bases code for the amino acid sequence a start and stop signal
Genetic Code
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Structure single polynucleotide strand composed of ribonucleotides Ribose sugar A U C and G Phosphate group Covalent bonds between nucleotides form sugar phosphate backbone
Ribonucleic Acid
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Messenger RNA mRNA Ribosomal RNA rRNA Transfer RNA tRNA
Role of RNA
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carries instructions for building proteins from the Nucleus to the Ribosome Codon series of three nucleotide bases that codes for an amino acid
Messenger RNA mRNA
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combines with proteins in nucleus to form Ribosomal subunits
Ribosomal RNA rRNA
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transfers appropriate amino acids to ribosome for building protein many different tRNA molecules Anticodon 3 nucleotide bases that complimentary base pair with codon on mRNA
Transfer RNA tRNA
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Transfer information from DNA base to complimentary mRNA sequence synthesis of mRNA from DNA template three sequences on mRNA are called codons
Transcription
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RNA polymerase binds to promoter region on DNA RNA polymerase unwinds region of DNA RNA nucleotides complimentary base pair with bases on DNA template RNA polymerase links RNA nuceotides together to form precursor mRNA
Transcription steps
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precursur mRNA is modified before leaving nucleus non coding DNA regions introns are removed Intervening regions coding regions exons are spliced expressed regions mRNA moves out of nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm
RNA processing
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Base sequence of mRNA is translated to an amino acid sequence Amino acids are building blocks of proteins 3 phases initiation elongation termination
Translation
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mRNA and ribosomes come together Anticodon on tRNA carrying the first amino acid complimentary base pair with start codon on mRNA
Initiation
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Anticodon of next tRNA binds to next codon on mRNA peptide bond forms between new amino acid and growing peptide chain mRNA shifts it position on ribosome by one codon cycle repeats
Elongation
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when a stop codon reached the ribosomes elongation stops stop codon does not code for an amino acid poly peptide chain is released from the last tRNA Ribosome mRNA and the last tRNA come apart
Termination
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64 codons most code for amino acid 1 start and 3 stop
Table of codons
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A gene that is transcribed and translated into a protein
Expressed Gene
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several ribosomes translate on mRNA simultaneously resulting in a string of ribosomes called polyribosomes
Polyribosomes
