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Biology 108 > Chapter 14 Digestion > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Digestion Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive system

A

Salivory glands

liver

gall bladder

pancreas

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2
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

The Tube (24’ long)

mouth

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

rectum

anus

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3
Q

Mouth

A

lips

cheeks

hard palate

Soft palate

Uvula

Vestibule

oral cavity

tongue

tonsils

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4
Q

lips

A

protect the anterior opening

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5
Q

cheeks

A

form the lateral wall of mouth

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6
Q

hard palate

A

forms anterior roof of mouth

maxilla and palantine bones

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7
Q

soft palate

A

muscle arch

forms posterior roof of mouth

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8
Q

uvula

A

fleshy projection from soft palate

prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing

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9
Q

vestibule

A

space between lips and teeth and gums

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10
Q

oral cavity

A

area contained by the teeth

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11
Q

tongue

A

attached at the hyoid bone and styloid processes of the skull

lingual frenulum anchors the tonge to floor of mouth

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12
Q

tonsils

A

Palatine tonsils: on either side of tongue

Lingual Tonsils: posterior of tongue

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13
Q

Mouth Physiology

A

mastication (chewing)

mixing food with saliva forms bolus

initiation of swallowing by the tongue

allows for the sense of taste

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14
Q

Pharynx Anatomy

A

Nasopharynx: NOT part of digestive system

Oropharynx: posterior to oral cavity

Laryngopharynx: Below the oropharynx and connected to the esophagus

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15
Q

Esophagus

A

collapsible muscle tube that propels food into stomach

about 10” long

runs from pharynx to stomach

conducts food by peristalsis (slow rhythmic squeezing)

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16
Q

Stomach anatomy

A

located on left side of abdomen cavity

food enters cardioesophageal sphincter

food empties in the small intestine at the pyloric sphincter (valve)

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17
Q

Stomach Mucosa

A
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18
Q

Mucosa

A

inntermost layer is simple columnar epithelium

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19
Q

mucous neck glands

A

produce sticky alkaline mucus

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20
Q

gastric glands

A

situated in gastric pits

secrete gastric juices

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21
Q

Cheif cells

A

produce protein digesting enzyme pepsinogen

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22
Q

parietal cells

A

produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

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23
Q

Stomach physiology

A

temporary storage tank for food

site of food breakdown

chemical breakdown of protein begins

delivers chyme (foodmixed with gastric juice) to small intestine

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24
Q

Small intestine

A

muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve

3 portions: duodenum, jeunum, ileum

mesentery

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25
Q

mesentery

A
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26
Q

Function of small intestine

A

completes digestion and absorption of nutrients

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27
Q

Duodenum

A
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28
Q

jejunum

A

body of small intestine

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29
Q

ileum

A

extends from jejunum to large intestine

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30
Q

structural modifications to small intestine

A

circular folds

villi

microvilli

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31
Q

circular folds

A

deep folds of mucosa and submucosa

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32
Q

villi

A

fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa

simple columnar epithelium with microvilli

capillary bed and lacteal: carry away absorbed nutrients

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33
Q

microvilli

A

tiny projections of plasma
membrane

34
Q

Chemical digestion in small intestine

A

enzymes are produced by intestinal cells and the pancreas

35
Q

pancreas

A
36
Q

large intestine

A

larger in diameter but shorter than small intestine

cecum

appendix

ascending colon

transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

rectum and anal canal

anus

37
Q

appendix

A

lymphatic tissue

extends from the cecum

38
Q

cecum

A

sac like first part of large intestine

39
Q

ascending colon

A

travels up RS of abdomen

40
Q

transverse colon

A

travels across abdonimal cavity

41
Q

descending colon

A

travels down the left side of the abdomin

42
Q

sigmoid colon

A

enters the pelvis

43
Q

rectum and anal canal

A

in pelvis

44
Q

anus

A

external anal sphincter: skeletal muscle voluntary control

internal anal sphincter: smooth muscle, involuntary control

normally closed except during defacation

45
Q

Large intestine function

A
46
Q

intestinal flora

A

bacteria that normally inhabit large intestine

synthesize vitamin K, B12, thiamine and riboflavin

produce intestinal gas

47
Q

feces

A

include material that were not digested or absorbed, water (75%), electrolytes, mucus and bacteria

color due to bile pigments altered by intestinal bacteria

48
Q

defacation

A

frequency varies from person to person

49
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A

teeth

salivary glands

pancreas

liver

gallbladder

50
Q

teeth

A

mastication

2 sets:

decisuous

permanent

51
Q

deciduous teeth

A

20 teeth fully formed by age 2

52
Q

permanent teeth

A

replace deciduous between ages 6-12

full set 32

53
Q

regions of a tooth

A

crown

enamel

dentin

pulp cavity

root canal

neck

root

54
Q

tooth crown

A

exposed part of tooth

55
Q

enamel

A

hardest substance in body

suface of teeth

56
Q

dentin

A

found deep to the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth

57
Q

pulp cavity

A

contains connective tissue, blood vessels and nerve fibers of tooth

58
Q

root canal

A

where pulp cavity extends to the root of tooth

59
Q

neck

A

region in contact with the gum

connects the crown to root

60
Q

root

A

cementum

covers outer surface and attaches the tooth to the periodontal membrane

61
Q

Tooth functions

A
62
Q

Salivary glands

A

three pairs of glands epmty secretions into mouth

63
Q

Saliva

A

mixture of mucus and serous fluid

contains salivary amylase to begin starch digestion

64
Q

Saliva functions

A

moisten food to help form bolus

dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted

cleanses mouth

65
Q

pancreas

A

located posterior and inferior to the stomach

produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonite ions:

secreted into the duodenum

66
Q

liver

A

largest gland in the body

located on right side of body inferior to the diaphragm

67
Q

liver functions

A

carbohydrate metabolism

lipid metablolism

protein metabolism

storage

bile

68
Q

carbohydrate metabolism

A

glycogen storage

69
Q

lipid metabolism

A

cholesterol synthesis

70
Q

protein metabolism

A

synthesizes plasma proteins

removes amine group from amino acids

71
Q

liver storage

A

glycogen, iron, vitamins A, D and B12

blood filtering: removes damaged RBC and foreign substances

detoxification: removes toxins from blood

bile secretion

72
Q

bile

A

produced by liver cells (hepatocytes)

emulsifies fats by physically breaking large fat globules into smaller ones

aids in the absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol and fat soluable vitamins

73
Q

gallbladder

A

pear shaped sac

located on inferior surface of liver

stores and concentrates bile between meals

biles enters duodenum during meals

74
Q

Digestive functions

A

Ingestion

movements

digestion

absorption

defacation

75
Q

ingestion

A

taking food in

76
Q

digestive movements

A
77
Q

Digestion

A
78
Q

mechanical digestion

A

mixing food in mouth with tongue

churning food in stomach

segmentation of small intestine

further prepares food for further degradation by enzymes

79
Q

Chemical digestion

A

enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks

carbs are broken to simple sugars

proteins are broken to amino acids

fats are broken to fatty acids and alcohols

80
Q

absorption

A

end products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph

food must enter mucosal cells then diffuse into blood or lymph capillaries

81
Q

defacation

A

elimination of indigestible or undigested substances fro the GI tract

Biology 108 (38 decks)

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