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Biology 108 > Chapter 3 1-5 reverse > Flashcards

Chapter 3 1-5 reverse Flashcards

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1
Q

rvs

  1. Cells not the same 2. share general structure 3. three regions, nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
A

anatomy of cell

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2
Q

rvs

control center, contains DNA

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

rvs

1 Nuclear envelope (membrane) 2 Nucleolus 3 Chromatin

A

Nucleus 3 regions

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4
Q

rvs

fluid with-in nucleus, helps maintain shape

A

Nucleoplasm

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5
Q

rvs

Inner and Outer lipid bilayer membrane separated by narrow fluid space, contains nuclear pores that allow exchange of material between nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope, Membrane

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6
Q

rvs

1 or 2 dense bodies composed of RNA and proteins, where ribosomes are made

A

Nucleoli

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7
Q

rvs

loosely packed uncoiled DNA present when cell is not dividing Condenses to form chromosomes when cell divides

A

chromatin

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8
Q

rvs

barrier that separates cellular contents from surrounding environment

A

Plasma Membrane

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9
Q

rvs

Regulates what enters/exits cell selectively permeable or semipermeable involved in signal transduction helps cells adhere to other cells

A

Plasma Membrane

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10
Q

rvs

phospholipis, proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates (glycoproteins)

A

Cell Structure

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11
Q

rvs

Hydrophilic heads (like water) Hydrophobic tails (do not like water) move laterally, keep membrane soft and flexible, fatty acid core makes membrane impermeable to water soluble substances

A

Phospholipids

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12
Q

rvs

strengthens membrane helps membrane be less permeable to water soluble sustances

A

Cholesterol

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13
Q

rvs

many different kinds add functionality to membrane, allow material to pass in and out

A

Proteins

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14
Q

rvs

receptors ion channels transporters cell recognition enzymes anchor membrane to cytoskeleton, anchor cell to extracellular space

A

Protein functions

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15
Q

rvs

attached lipids to proteins Glycolipids and glycoproteins (outer portion of cell)

A

Carbohydrates

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16
Q

rvs

lipid soluble substance pass through lipid bi-layer protein channels and carrier molecules permit water soluble substances to cross

A

plasma membrane semipermeable

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17
Q

rvs

fingerlike projections that increase the surface area for absorption

A

Microvilli

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18
Q

rvs

extension of membrane containing microtubes, move fluid across cell surface (exposed to the enviroinment)

A

cilia

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19
Q

rvs

Tight junctions desmosomes gap junctions

A

Membrane junctions

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20
Q

rvs

completely encircle cell near apical surface

A

tight junctions

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21
Q

rvs

anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart

A

desmosomes

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22
Q

rvs

small channels between cells, allows ions and small molecules to pass from the cytoskeleton of one cell to the cytoplasm of the next cell

A

gap junctions

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23
Q

rvs

Material outside the nucleus and inside the membrane 3 elements 1 Cytosol 2 Organelles 3 Inclusions

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

rvs

fluid that suspends other elements

A

Cytosol

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25
Q

rvs

little organs that perform specific function

A

organelles

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26
Q

rvs

not essential, storage structures: glycogen, lipid droplet, pigment

A

Inclusions

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27
Q

rvs

Mitochondria Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Cytoplasmic Organelles

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28
Q

rvs

1 Powerhouse of cell 2 specialized for aerobic respiration 3 makes most of body’s ATP 4 structure_outer and inner membrane, Cristae, mitochondrial matrix (inside partition)

A

Mitochondria

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29
Q

rvs

1 Made up of protein and rRNA 2 sites of protein synthesis 3 found in cytoplasme (makes protein used with cytoplasm), part of rough endoplasmic reticulum (makes protein that are secreted from cell, become membrane or lysosomal proteins

A

Ribosomes

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30
Q

rvs

1 fluid filled tubules for transporting substances 2 two types Rough (studded with ribosomes, modifying protein to required protein), Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Endoplasmic reticulum ER

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31
Q

rvs

1 stack of ~6 flattened fluid filled membranous sacs 2 modify and package proteins from rough ER produce different vesicles,

A

Golgi apparatus

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32
Q

rvs

1 Secretory, exits the cell 2 Lysosomes, cell expansion and waste removal 3 Cell membrane components

A

Golgi vesicles

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33
Q

rvs

usually round, membrane bound sac that contain digestive enzymes fuses with ingested substances, digests non usable materials, foreign particles and worn out or damaged organelles. Will rupture in damaged and dying cells to digest cell

A

Lysosomes

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34
Q

rvs

membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes, detoxify harmal substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

A

Periosomes

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35
Q

rvs

Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm, provide cell internal framework

A

Cytoskeleton

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36
Q

rvs

Microfilament Actin 7nm 2 units Intermediate Myacin 10nm multiunit microtubles Tubulin 25nm coil structure

A

cytoskeleton elements

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37
Q

rvs

composed of Actin support cell shape, support changes in cell shape and cell motility

A

Microfilaments

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38
Q

rvs

help form desmosomes

A

Intermediate filaments

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39
Q

rvs

Hollow tubules compose of tubulin maintain cell shape, direct organell movement with in cell, move chromosomes during cell division

A

Microtubules

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40
Q

rvs

1 Rod shaped bodies of microtubules (star shaped) 2 Centrosome-2 centrioles at rt angles to each other 3 direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

A

Centrioles

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41
Q

rvs

1 Not found in all cells 2 used for movement: cilia & flagella Cilia: move materials across cell surface (open to environment) Flagella: long singular extension containing microtubules (propels sperm)

A

Celluelar projections

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42
Q

rvs

cells vary in shape, size content and function

A

Cell Diversity

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43
Q

rvs

movement of substances in and out of the cell

A

Membrane transport

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44
Q

rvs

1 No ATP is required 2 substance moves down gradient scale (high to low concentration) simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion 3 substances move down hydrostatic pressure grade

A

Passive Transport process

45
Q

rvs

1 ATP is required 2 Primary active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis

A

Active Transport process

46
Q

rvs

solution_homogeneous mixture of 2 or more components (evenly distributed) Solvent- dissolving medium, typically water in body Solutes- components in smaller quantity with in solution Intracellular fluid Neclueoplasm and cytosol (insied cell) Interstitial fluid fluid on exterior of the cell

A

Solutions and transport

47
Q

rvs

Plasma membrane allows some materila to pass while blocking others, influences both in and out of cell

A

Selective Permeability

48
Q

rvs

1 atoms, molecules or ions spontaneously move from high to low concentration 2 solutes that use simple diffusion a lipid soluble materials b materials small enough to pass through membrane pores 3 net diffusion of a substance in or out can only occur when (equilibrium is the goal) a cell membrane is permeable b concentration gradient exists across membrane **Diffusion of a molecule will not occur if the membrane is not permeable to that particular molecule, membrane can be permeable to one molecule but not another NO ATP required

A

Passive transport Simple Diffusion

49
Q

rvs

1 Diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane 2 Water moves through lipid bilayer directly or through aquapores (water channels) NO ATP required

A

Passive Transport Osmosis

50
Q

rvs

1 substance need help of a membrane protein to cross (substance is not soluble in lipid layer, large molecules) 2 substances move down gradient concentration high to low 3 number of carrier proteins will limit the rate of diffusion NO ATP required

A

Passive Transport Facilitated Diffusion

51
Q

rvs

1 Water and solutes are forced through membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure pressure gradient must exist, move from high to low NO ATP required

A

Passive Transport Filtration

52
Q

rvs

1 Substances are transported taht are unable to pass by diffusion ATP is required 2 common forms 1 Primary active transport (solute pumping) 2 Vesicular Transport (bulk transport) a Excocytosis (out of cell) b Endocytosis (into cell)

A

Active Transport Processes

53
Q

rvs

1 Amino acids, some sugars and ions are transported by protein carriers called pumps 2 ATP is required to energize the pump 3 Substances are moved against the concentration gradients

A

Active Transport Primary Active Transport (solute pumping)

54
Q

rvs

Excocytosis (out of cell) Endocytosis (into cell)

A

Active Transport Vesicular Transport

55
Q

rvs

1 Moves material out of the cell 2 material to be secreted in a membranous vesicle a Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane b Vesicle combines with membrane c Material is emptied to the outside

A

Vesicular Transport Exocytosis

56
Q

rvs

1 Extra cellular substances are enclosed in a membrane vesicle 2 Phagocytosis (food eating)-engulfs solid material, fuses with lysosomes so material can be digested, nutrients can be used by cell, undigested material is stored or secreted from cell Pinocytosis (cell drinking)-engulfs tiny droplets of liquid from surroundings 4 Receptor-mediated endocytosis-used to endocytose very specific particle

A

Vesicular Transport Endocytosis

57
Q

rvs

tendancy for a solution to hold water or pull water in. Directly related to solute concentration High Solute concentration = greater osmotic pressure-water moves in Low solute concentration=lower pressure-water moves out

A

Osmotic Pressure

58
Q

rvs

Tonicity of body cells=.9%NaCl (300mOsm) 1 Isotonic solution, same as body cells 2 Hypertonic solution, tonicity greater than body cells-water IN 3 Hypotonic solutoin, tonicity less than body cells-water OUT

A

Tonicity

59
Q

rvs

RBC does not change size or shape there is no concentration gradient for water across cell membrane water is at its equilibrium

A

RBC into isotonic solution

60
Q

rvs

RBC changes size and shape there is a concentration gradient for water across membrane water moves OUT of the cell so the cell shrinks

A

RBC in Hypertonic solution

61
Q

rvs

RBC changes size and shape there is a concentration gradient for water across membrane Water moves IN the cell so the cell swells and may burst

A

RBC in Hypotonic solution

62
Q

rvs

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

What is osmosis

63
Q

rvs

both involves movement down the concentration gradient neither requires ATP

A

How is Osmosis similar to simple diffusion

64
Q

reverse

series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces

A

Cell cycle

65
Q

reverse

Interphase

mitosis

cytokineses (cytoplasmic division)

Differentiation

A

Cell cycle phases

66
Q

reverse

Mitosis

meiosis

A

2 types Cell division

67
Q

reverse

occurs in somatic body cells

necessary for growth and repair

produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells that have ALL 23 pairs of chromosomes (2n=46) of their Nucleus

A

Mitosis

68
Q

reverse

Occurs in gonads

Necessary for sexual reproduction

produces 4 daughter cells (egg/sperm), 23 chromosomes (1n=23) in nucleus

A

Meiosis

69
Q

reverse

must replicate before cell division

2 polynucleotide strands of deoxyribonucleotides (sugar; A,T,C,G; phosphate group on outside)

millions of base pairs long

A

DNA

70
Q

reverse

all of DNA in a cell

only 2% codes for proteins

Rest of DNA contols which genes are expressed and when

A

Genome

71
Q

reverse

contain genes

A

Chromosomes

72
Q

reverse

portion of DNA that contains genetic information
for making proteins

instruct cells to synthesize enzymes that control metabolic pathways

450-4000 gense per chromosome

A

Genes

73
Q

reverse

during the S stage of interphase

before cell division

each new cell will receive copy of each chromosome (46)

A

DNA replication

74
Q

reverse

one enzyme unwinds DNA breaking hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases

second enzyme, DNA polyerase, brings in new DNA nucleotides that comlimentary base pair with exposed nucleotides

thrid enzyme forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides to create the sugar phosphate backbone

A

DNA replication steps

75
Q

reverse

composed of one original and one new strande of DNA

DNA replication is semi conservative

A

New DNA molecule

76
Q

reverse

held together at the centromere

each DNA molecule is called a sister chromotid

sister chromotids separate during cell division

A

Replicated DNA

77
Q

reverse

can be used to see all the chromosomes in a cell

organized profile of a persons chromosomes

homologous chromosomes are paired and arranged, numbered by size large to small

A

karyotype

78
Q

reverse

2 structurally identical chromosomes that carry same genetic information

A

homologous pair

79
Q

reverse

cells enlarge

of organelles increase

G1 phase, cell growth

S phase; DNA replication

G2; cell growth , more organelles produced

A

Interphase

79
Q

reverse

Mitosis; division of nucleus, 2 daughter nuclei

Cytokenesis; division of cytoplasm

begins when mitosis is near completion (late Anaphase)

results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells

A

Mitotic Phase

80
Q

reverse

1 Prophase

2 Metaphase

3 Anaphase

4 Telophase

A

Stages of Mitosis

81
Q

reverse

1 Chromatin tight coils form discrete visible chromosomes composed of 2 sister chromotids

2 nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears

3 Centrioles migrate to poles to direct assembly of spindle fibers, spindle apparatus forms, some fibers connect to centromeres

A

Prophase

82
Q

reverse

Centromeres of all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell

poles formed

A

Metaphase

83
Q

reverse

1 Chromatids are pulled apartr and daughter chromosomes move toward opposite poles

2 cell begins to elongate

A

Anaphase “action”

84
Q

reverse

1 Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin

2 Nuclear envelope reforms and chromatin

3 spindles breakdown and disappear

A

Telophase

85
Q

reverse

Begins late anaphase anc completes during telophase

cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cells into two parts

A

Cytokenesis

86
Q

reverse

Critical points that regulate cell cycle

determine if cell will continue to undergo mitosis, differentiate or die

A

Cell cycle control checkpoints

87
Q

reverse

normally cells to not divide continually

most divide 40-60 times

controlled by lenght of telomeres at end of chromosome

A

Cell cycle regulation

88
Q

reverse

region of repititive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome
, which protects it from deterioration

responsible for cell aging

shorten with each division

when reach a certain length, cell will no longer divide

A

Telomere

89
Q

reverse

process of specialization, 260 specialized cells, under genetic control

A

Cell Differentiation

90
Q

reverse

characterized by ability to renew through mitosis and differentiate into diverse range of specialized cell types

A

Stem Cells

91
Q

reverse

retain ability to divide repeatedly with specializing

can further develope into any type of a few cell types

A

Progenitor cells

92
Q

reverse

normal part of developement

removes webbing between fingers and toes

removes skin cells damaged by sunburn so the don’t turn cancerous

A

apoptosis

93
Q

reverse

occurs in testes and ovaries

produces 4 daughter cells with 23 chromosomes

cells are called sperm, oocytes (egg)

genetic info is passed to offspring, each parent gives 23 chromosomes

A

Meiosis

94
Q

reverse

Reduction Division

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

A

Meiosis cell divisions

95
Q

reverse

1 Prophase

2 Metaphase I

3 Anaphase I

Telophase I

A

Stages of Meiosis I

96
Q

reverse

1 Prophase II

2 Metaphase II

3 Anaphase II

4 Telophase II

A

Stages of Meiosis II

97
Q

reverse

1 chromosomes become visible

2 nuclear envelope opens and disappears

3 Centriole pairs move to poles and spindle apparatus appears

4 Homologous chromosomes pair up in synapsis

crossing over takes place, exchange of identical genetic material bewteen non-sister chromosomes

A

Prophase I

98
Q

reverse

1 Chromosome paris move to equator (metaphase plate)

A

Metaphase I

99
Q

reverse

Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell

A

Anaphase I

100
Q

reverse

1 Formatoin of new nuclei each containing 23 chromosomes (1n)

2 Chromosomes composed of 2 sister chromatids uncoil

3 Cytokenesis completed-2 daughter cells

A

Telophase I

101
Q

reverse

1 Chromosome condense

2 Nuclear envelope disappears

3 Centriole pairs migrate to poles and spindle apparatus forms

A

Prophase II

102
Q

reverse

Centromeres of all chromosomes are aligned in the center (metaphase plate)

A

Metaphase II

103
Q

reverse

1 Centromere separates

2 sister chromatids are pulled apart and daughter chromosomes move toward poles

A

Anaphase II

104
Q

reverse

1 New nuclei form containing 23 chromosomes

2 Cytokenesis is complete

A

Telophase II

105
Q

reverse

4 cells that are NOT genetically identical to each other or the parent cell

each cell contains 23 chromosomes

A

Meiosis Final product

106
Q

reverse

occurs when spern fuses with an ovum

produces a zygote containing 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

Zygote undregoes mitosis to form new organism

A

Fertilization

107
Q

reverse

Zygote inherits 23 chromsomes from each parent

Mother gives X

Father gives Y

sex determined by Y

A

Sex determination

Biology 108 (38 decks)

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