Chapter 3 1-5 reverse Flashcards
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- Cells not the same 2. share general structure 3. three regions, nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane
anatomy of cell
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control center, contains DNA
Nucleus
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1 Nuclear envelope (membrane) 2 Nucleolus 3 Chromatin
Nucleus 3 regions
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fluid with-in nucleus, helps maintain shape
Nucleoplasm
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Inner and Outer lipid bilayer membrane separated by narrow fluid space, contains nuclear pores that allow exchange of material between nucleus and cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope, Membrane
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1 or 2 dense bodies composed of RNA and proteins, where ribosomes are made
Nucleoli
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loosely packed uncoiled DNA present when cell is not dividing Condenses to form chromosomes when cell divides
chromatin
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barrier that separates cellular contents from surrounding environment
Plasma Membrane
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Regulates what enters/exits cell selectively permeable or semipermeable involved in signal transduction helps cells adhere to other cells
Plasma Membrane
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phospholipis, proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates (glycoproteins)
Cell Structure
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Hydrophilic heads (like water) Hydrophobic tails (do not like water) move laterally, keep membrane soft and flexible, fatty acid core makes membrane impermeable to water soluble substances
Phospholipids
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strengthens membrane helps membrane be less permeable to water soluble sustances
Cholesterol
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many different kinds add functionality to membrane, allow material to pass in and out
Proteins
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receptors ion channels transporters cell recognition enzymes anchor membrane to cytoskeleton, anchor cell to extracellular space
Protein functions
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attached lipids to proteins Glycolipids and glycoproteins (outer portion of cell)
Carbohydrates
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lipid soluble substance pass through lipid bi-layer protein channels and carrier molecules permit water soluble substances to cross
plasma membrane semipermeable
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fingerlike projections that increase the surface area for absorption
Microvilli
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extension of membrane containing microtubes, move fluid across cell surface (exposed to the enviroinment)
cilia
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Tight junctions desmosomes gap junctions
Membrane junctions
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completely encircle cell near apical surface
tight junctions
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anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart
desmosomes
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small channels between cells, allows ions and small molecules to pass from the cytoskeleton of one cell to the cytoplasm of the next cell
gap junctions
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Material outside the nucleus and inside the membrane 3 elements 1 Cytosol 2 Organelles 3 Inclusions
Cytoplasm
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fluid that suspends other elements
Cytosol
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little organs that perform specific function
organelles
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not essential, storage structures: glycogen, lipid droplet, pigment
Inclusions
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Mitochondria Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Cytoplasmic Organelles
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1 Powerhouse of cell 2 specialized for aerobic respiration 3 makes most of body’s ATP 4 structure_outer and inner membrane, Cristae, mitochondrial matrix (inside partition)
Mitochondria
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1 Made up of protein and rRNA 2 sites of protein synthesis 3 found in cytoplasme (makes protein used with cytoplasm), part of rough endoplasmic reticulum (makes protein that are secreted from cell, become membrane or lysosomal proteins
Ribosomes
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1 fluid filled tubules for transporting substances 2 two types Rough (studded with ribosomes, modifying protein to required protein), Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum ER
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1 stack of ~6 flattened fluid filled membranous sacs 2 modify and package proteins from rough ER produce different vesicles,
Golgi apparatus
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1 Secretory, exits the cell 2 Lysosomes, cell expansion and waste removal 3 Cell membrane components
Golgi vesicles
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usually round, membrane bound sac that contain digestive enzymes fuses with ingested substances, digests non usable materials, foreign particles and worn out or damaged organelles. Will rupture in damaged and dying cells to digest cell
Lysosomes
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membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes, detoxify harmal substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)
Periosomes
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Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm, provide cell internal framework
Cytoskeleton
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Microfilament Actin 7nm 2 units Intermediate Myacin 10nm multiunit microtubles Tubulin 25nm coil structure
cytoskeleton elements
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composed of Actin support cell shape, support changes in cell shape and cell motility
Microfilaments
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help form desmosomes
Intermediate filaments
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Hollow tubules compose of tubulin maintain cell shape, direct organell movement with in cell, move chromosomes during cell division
Microtubules
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1 Rod shaped bodies of microtubules (star shaped) 2 Centrosome-2 centrioles at rt angles to each other 3 direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
Centrioles
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1 Not found in all cells 2 used for movement: cilia & flagella Cilia: move materials across cell surface (open to environment) Flagella: long singular extension containing microtubules (propels sperm)
Celluelar projections
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cells vary in shape, size content and function
Cell Diversity
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movement of substances in and out of the cell
Membrane transport
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1 No ATP is required 2 substance moves down gradient scale (high to low concentration) simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion 3 substances move down hydrostatic pressure grade
Passive Transport process
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1 ATP is required 2 Primary active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis
Active Transport process
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solution_homogeneous mixture of 2 or more components (evenly distributed) Solvent- dissolving medium, typically water in body Solutes- components in smaller quantity with in solution Intracellular fluid Neclueoplasm and cytosol (insied cell) Interstitial fluid fluid on exterior of the cell
Solutions and transport
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Plasma membrane allows some materila to pass while blocking others, influences both in and out of cell
Selective Permeability
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1 atoms, molecules or ions spontaneously move from high to low concentration 2 solutes that use simple diffusion a lipid soluble materials b materials small enough to pass through membrane pores 3 net diffusion of a substance in or out can only occur when (equilibrium is the goal) a cell membrane is permeable b concentration gradient exists across membrane **Diffusion of a molecule will not occur if the membrane is not permeable to that particular molecule, membrane can be permeable to one molecule but not another NO ATP required
Passive transport Simple Diffusion
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1 Diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane 2 Water moves through lipid bilayer directly or through aquapores (water channels) NO ATP required
Passive Transport Osmosis
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1 substance need help of a membrane protein to cross (substance is not soluble in lipid layer, large molecules) 2 substances move down gradient concentration high to low 3 number of carrier proteins will limit the rate of diffusion NO ATP required
Passive Transport Facilitated Diffusion
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1 Water and solutes are forced through membrane by fluid or hydrostatic pressure pressure gradient must exist, move from high to low NO ATP required
Passive Transport Filtration
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1 Substances are transported taht are unable to pass by diffusion ATP is required 2 common forms 1 Primary active transport (solute pumping) 2 Vesicular Transport (bulk transport) a Excocytosis (out of cell) b Endocytosis (into cell)
Active Transport Processes
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1 Amino acids, some sugars and ions are transported by protein carriers called pumps 2 ATP is required to energize the pump 3 Substances are moved against the concentration gradients
Active Transport Primary Active Transport (solute pumping)
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Excocytosis (out of cell) Endocytosis (into cell)
Active Transport Vesicular Transport
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1 Moves material out of the cell 2 material to be secreted in a membranous vesicle a Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane b Vesicle combines with membrane c Material is emptied to the outside
Vesicular Transport Exocytosis
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1 Extra cellular substances are enclosed in a membrane vesicle 2 Phagocytosis (food eating)-engulfs solid material, fuses with lysosomes so material can be digested, nutrients can be used by cell, undigested material is stored or secreted from cell Pinocytosis (cell drinking)-engulfs tiny droplets of liquid from surroundings 4 Receptor-mediated endocytosis-used to endocytose very specific particle
Vesicular Transport Endocytosis
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tendancy for a solution to hold water or pull water in. Directly related to solute concentration High Solute concentration = greater osmotic pressure-water moves in Low solute concentration=lower pressure-water moves out
Osmotic Pressure
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Tonicity of body cells=.9%NaCl (300mOsm) 1 Isotonic solution, same as body cells 2 Hypertonic solution, tonicity greater than body cells-water IN 3 Hypotonic solutoin, tonicity less than body cells-water OUT
Tonicity
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RBC does not change size or shape there is no concentration gradient for water across cell membrane water is at its equilibrium
RBC into isotonic solution
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RBC changes size and shape there is a concentration gradient for water across membrane water moves OUT of the cell so the cell shrinks
RBC in Hypertonic solution
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RBC changes size and shape there is a concentration gradient for water across membrane Water moves IN the cell so the cell swells and may burst
RBC in Hypotonic solution
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Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
What is osmosis
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both involves movement down the concentration gradient neither requires ATP
How is Osmosis similar to simple diffusion
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series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reproduces
Cell cycle
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Interphase
mitosis
cytokineses (cytoplasmic division)
Differentiation
Cell cycle phases
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Mitosis
meiosis
2 types Cell division
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occurs in somatic body cells
necessary for growth and repair
produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells that have ALL 23 pairs of chromosomes (2n=46) of their Nucleus
Mitosis
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Occurs in gonads
Necessary for sexual reproduction
produces 4 daughter cells (egg/sperm), 23 chromosomes (1n=23) in nucleus
Meiosis
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must replicate before cell division
2 polynucleotide strands of deoxyribonucleotides (sugar; A,T,C,G; phosphate group on outside)
millions of base pairs long
DNA
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all of DNA in a cell
only 2% codes for proteins
Rest of DNA contols which genes are expressed and when
Genome
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contain genes
Chromosomes
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portion of DNA that contains genetic information
for making proteins
instruct cells to synthesize enzymes that control metabolic pathways
450-4000 gense per chromosome
Genes
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during the S stage of interphase
before cell division
each new cell will receive copy of each chromosome (46)
DNA replication
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one enzyme unwinds DNA breaking hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases
second enzyme, DNA polyerase, brings in new DNA nucleotides that comlimentary base pair with exposed nucleotides
thrid enzyme forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides to create the sugar phosphate backbone
DNA replication steps
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composed of one original and one new strande of DNA
DNA replication is semi conservative
New DNA molecule
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held together at the centromere
each DNA molecule is called a sister chromotid
sister chromotids separate during cell division
Replicated DNA
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can be used to see all the chromosomes in a cell
organized profile of a persons chromosomes
homologous chromosomes are paired and arranged, numbered by size large to small
karyotype
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2 structurally identical chromosomes that carry same genetic information
homologous pair
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cells enlarge
of organelles increase
G1 phase, cell growth
S phase; DNA replication
G2; cell growth , more organelles produced
Interphase
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Mitosis; division of nucleus, 2 daughter nuclei
Cytokenesis; division of cytoplasm
begins when mitosis is near completion (late Anaphase)
results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells
Mitotic Phase
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1 Prophase
2 Metaphase
3 Anaphase
4 Telophase
Stages of Mitosis
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1 Chromatin tight coils form discrete visible chromosomes composed of 2 sister chromotids
2 nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears
3 Centrioles migrate to poles to direct assembly of spindle fibers, spindle apparatus forms, some fibers connect to centromeres
Prophase
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Centromeres of all chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell
poles formed
Metaphase
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1 Chromatids are pulled apartr and daughter chromosomes move toward opposite poles
2 cell begins to elongate
Anaphase “action”
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1 Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin
2 Nuclear envelope reforms and chromatin
3 spindles breakdown and disappear
Telophase
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Begins late anaphase anc completes during telophase
cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cells into two parts
Cytokenesis
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Critical points that regulate cell cycle
determine if cell will continue to undergo mitosis, differentiate or die
Cell cycle control checkpoints
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normally cells to not divide continually
most divide 40-60 times
controlled by lenght of telomeres at end of chromosome
Cell cycle regulation
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region of repititive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome
, which protects it from deterioration
responsible for cell aging
shorten with each division
when reach a certain length, cell will no longer divide
Telomere
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process of specialization, 260 specialized cells, under genetic control
Cell Differentiation
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characterized by ability to renew through mitosis and differentiate into diverse range of specialized cell types
Stem Cells
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retain ability to divide repeatedly with specializing
can further develope into any type of a few cell types
Progenitor cells
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normal part of developement
removes webbing between fingers and toes
removes skin cells damaged by sunburn so the don’t turn cancerous
apoptosis
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occurs in testes and ovaries
produces 4 daughter cells with 23 chromosomes
cells are called sperm, oocytes (egg)
genetic info is passed to offspring, each parent gives 23 chromosomes
Meiosis
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Reduction Division
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Meiosis cell divisions
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1 Prophase
2 Metaphase I
3 Anaphase I
Telophase I
Stages of Meiosis I
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1 Prophase II
2 Metaphase II
3 Anaphase II
4 Telophase II
Stages of Meiosis II
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1 chromosomes become visible
2 nuclear envelope opens and disappears
3 Centriole pairs move to poles and spindle apparatus appears
4 Homologous chromosomes pair up in synapsis
crossing over takes place, exchange of identical genetic material bewteen non-sister chromosomes
Prophase I
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1 Chromosome paris move to equator (metaphase plate)
Metaphase I
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Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell
Anaphase I
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1 Formatoin of new nuclei each containing 23 chromosomes (1n)
2 Chromosomes composed of 2 sister chromatids uncoil
3 Cytokenesis completed-2 daughter cells
Telophase I
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1 Chromosome condense
2 Nuclear envelope disappears
3 Centriole pairs migrate to poles and spindle apparatus forms
Prophase II
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Centromeres of all chromosomes are aligned in the center (metaphase plate)
Metaphase II
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1 Centromere separates
2 sister chromatids are pulled apart and daughter chromosomes move toward poles
Anaphase II
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1 New nuclei form containing 23 chromosomes
2 Cytokenesis is complete
Telophase II
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4 cells that are NOT genetically identical to each other or the parent cell
each cell contains 23 chromosomes
Meiosis Final product
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occurs when spern fuses with an ovum
produces a zygote containing 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
Zygote undregoes mitosis to form new organism
Fertilization
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Zygote inherits 23 chromsomes from each parent
Mother gives X
Father gives Y
sex determined by Y
Sex determination
