Chapter 10 Reverse Flashcards
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transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, hormones
distributes heat
hemeostasis
Functions of blood
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only fluid tissue in body
living cells: formed elements
non-living cells: plasma
Blood components
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erytrocytes (RBC) 45%
buffy coat: leukcytes (WBC) and platelets less than 1%
Plasma 55%
composition of blood
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oxygen rich-scarlet red
oxygen poor-dull red
ph 7.35-7.45
temp 100.4
volume 6 qts
characteristics of blood
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90% water
dissolved substances: nutrients, salts (electrolytes), respiratory gases, hormones, plasma proteins, waste products
Blood Plasma
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most abundant solutes in plasman 7%
most made by liver
albumin
clotting proteins
globulins
Plasma proteins
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60% of plasma proteins
regulates osmotic pressure
made by liver
albumin
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4% of plasma
plays role in blood coagulation
made by liver
clotting proteins
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36% of plasma
Alpha and Beta globulins
transport proteins
made by liver
Globulins
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help protect the body from pathagens
made my lymphocytes
Gamma globulins
(antibodies)
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erythrocytes (RBC)
leukocytes (WBC)
platelets-thrombocytes
Formed elements
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carry oxygen
biconcave disks
bags of hemoglobin
no nucleus
very few organelles
5 million per mm^3
Erythrocytes
RBC
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iron containing protein
binds strongly but reversibly to oxygen
each hemoglobin molecule has 4 O2 binding sites
RBC has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
normal blood 12-18 g per 100ml of blood
Hemoglobin
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kidneys produce most erythropoietin in response to reduced O2 levels in blood
erythropoietin stimulates RBC formatoin in red marrow
homeostasis is maintaind via negative feedback from blood O2 levels
Hemoatopoiesis
Erytrhocyte production
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unable to divide, grow or synthesize proteins
wear out in 100-120 days
when worn out RBC is eliminated by phagocytes in teh spleen or liver
Old RBC
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protect body against pathogens
4000-11,000 WBC per mm^3
differential WBC count lists % of each type of WBC, may change with disease status
Leukocytes
WBC
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fragments of megakaryocytes
form platelet plug to help seal damaged blood vessels
initiates formatoin of blood clot
normal cound 300,000 per mm^3
Platelets
Thrombocytes
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stoppage of bleeding resulting from breaking in a blood vessel
Hemostasis
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vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation (blood clotting)
phases of hemostasis
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occurs immediatly if a vessel is cut or broken
spasm narrows the vessel decreasing blood loss
Vascular spasms
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collagen fibers are exposed by break in vessel
platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers
anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets
platelets pile up to for a plug
platelet plug formation
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most effective homeostatic mechanism
final step conversion of fibrogen into insoluable fibrin threads
Thrombin: enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin
fibrin forms meshwork that traps RBC
blood usually clots in 3-6 min
clot remains as endothelium regenerates
clot is broken down after tissue repair
Coagulation
blood clotting
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loss of 15-30% causes weakness
loss of over 30% causes shock which can be fatal
Blood loss
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transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly
transfused blood must be of the same blood group
Blood Transfusion
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antigens: proteins found on surface of RBC
antibodies: clumping of RBC due to interaction of antigens and antibodies
Blood group genetic proteins
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grouped based on presence or absence of 2 major protein antigens on the RBC membrane
4 ypes: A, B, AB and O
2-8 mos after birth the body may synthesize certain antibodies
Antibodies A or B
found within plasma
Blood groups
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Antigens: both A and B
Antibodies: neither A or B
Type AB blood
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Antigens: A is present
Antibodies: B is present
Type A blood
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Antigens: B is present
Antibodies: A is present
Type B blood
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Antigens: lack A and B
Antibodies: A and B are present
Type O blood
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can receive A, B, AB or O blood
Universal recipient
AB transfusion
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can receive A and O blood
A transfusion
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can receive B and O blood
B transfusion
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can receive O blood
universal donor
O transfusion
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presence or absence of antigen D
Rh negative: RBC lasck Rh antigen
Rh positive: RBC has antigen
person with rh neg blood does not make anti Rh unless exposed to Rh positive blood
RH blood groups
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person with negative blood receives transfusion of positive blood
initial is not problme but anti body cells begin synthesizing anti-Rh antibodies
person is now sensitized to Rh-positive blood
next exposure wo Rh positive blood will cause recipients blood to agglutinate with donors RBC
Rh Sensitization
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when mother is Rh- and father is Rh+
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Rh pregnance dangers
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Rh- mother carrying Rh+ baby
first child no problem
after mother is sensitized to Rh+ and will produce anti Rh antibodies
2nd pregnancy will attack Rh+ blood of fetus
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
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shot to prevent buildup of anti Rh+ antibodies in mothers blood
RhoGAM shot
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blood type is determinede by finding which antigens are present on RBC membrane
blood is typed by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain antigens to clump
ABO and Rh typing are done in similar manner
Blood Typing
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testing for agglutination of donors RBC by the recipients serum and vice versa
Cross matching
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expose sample to anti A antibodies and anti B antibodies
look for clumping (agglutination)]
if clumping present the antigen is present on the RBC
Agglutination testing
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always best to give person their own blood
Blood Transfusions
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agglutination of donor RBC because recipients plasma contains antibodies against the antigens on donor RBC
Transfusion reaction
