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Biology 108 > Chapter 10 Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Blood Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functions of blood

A

transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products, hormones

distributes heat

hemeostasis

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2
Q

Blood components

A

only fluid tissue in body

living cells: formed elements

non-living cells: plasma

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3
Q

composition of blood

A

erytrocytes (RBC) 45%

buffy coat: leukcytes (WBC) and platelets less than 1%

Plasma 55%

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4
Q

characteristics of blood

A

oxygen rich-scarlet red

oxygen poor-dull red

ph 7.35-7.45

temp 100.4

volume 6 qts

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5
Q

Blood Plasma

A

90% water

dissolved substances: nutrients, salts (electrolytes), respiratory gases, hormones, plasma proteins, waste products

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6
Q

Plasma proteins

A

most abundant solutes in plasman 7%

most made by liver

albumin

clotting proteins

globulins

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7
Q

albumin

A

60% of plasma proteins

regulates osmotic pressure

made by liver

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8
Q

clotting proteins

A

4% of plasma

plays role in blood coagulation

made by liver

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9
Q

Globulins

A

36% of plasma

Alpha and Beta globulins

transport proteins

made by liver

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10
Q

Gamma globulins

(antibodies)

A

help protect the body from pathagens

made my lymphocytes

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11
Q

Formed elements

A

erythrocytes (RBC)

leukocytes (WBC)

platelets-thrombocytes

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12
Q

Erythrocytes

RBC

A

carry oxygen

biconcave disks

bags of hemoglobin

no nucleus

very few organelles

5 million per mm^3

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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A

iron containing protein

binds strongly but reversibly to oxygen

each hemoglobin molecule has 4 O2 binding sites

RBC has 250 million hemoglobin molecules

normal blood 12-18 g per 100ml of blood

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14
Q

Hemoatopoiesis

Erytrhocyte production

A

kidneys produce most erythropoietin in response to reduced O2 levels in blood

erythroprotein stimulates RBC formatoin in red marrow

homeostasis is maintaind via negative feedback from blood O2 levels

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15
Q

Old RBC

A

unable to divide, grow or synthesize proteins

wear out in 100-120 days

when worn out RBC is eliminated by phagocytes in teh spleen or liver

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16
Q

Leukocytes

WBC

A

protect body against pathogens

4000-11,000 WBC per mm^3

differential WBC count lists % of each type of WBC, may change with disease status

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17
Q

Platelets

Thrombocytes

A

fragments of megakaryocytes

form platelet plug to help seal damaged blood vessels

initiates formatoin of blood clot

normal cound 300,000 per mm^3

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18
Q

Hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding resulting from breaking in a blood vessel

19
Q

phases of hemostasis

A

vascular spasm

platelet plug formation

coagulation (blood clotting)

20
Q

Vascular spasms

A

occurs immediatly if a vessel is cut or broken

spasm narrows the vessel decreasing blood loss

21
Q

platelet plug formation

A

collagen fibers are exposed by break in vessel

platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers

anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets

platelets pile up to for a plug

22
Q

Coagulation

blood clotting

A

most effective homeostatic mechanism

final step conversion of fibrogen into insoluable fibrin threads

Thrombin: enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin

fibrin forms meshwork that traps RBC

blood usually clots in 3-6 min

clot remains as endothelium regenerates

clot is broken down after tissue repair

23
Q

Blood loss

A

loss of 15-30% causes weakness

loss of over 30% causes shock which can be fatal

24
Q

Blood Transfusion

A

transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly

transfused blood must be of the same blood group

25
Q

Blood group genetic proteins

A

antigens: proteins found on surface of RBC
antibodies: clumping of RBC due to interaction of antigens and antibodies

26
Q

Blood groups

A

grouped based on presence or absence of 2 major protein antigens on the RBC membrane

4 ypes: A, B, AB and O

2-8 mos after birth the body may synthesize certain antibodies

Antibodies A or B

found within plasma

27
Q

Type AB blood

A

Antigens: both A and B

Antibodies: neither A or B

28
Q

Type A blood

A

Antigens: A is present

Antibodies: B is present

29
Q

Type B blood

A

Antigens: B is present

Antibodies: A is present

30
Q

Type O blood

A

Antigens: lack A and B

Antibodies: A and B are present

31
Q

AB transfusion

A

can receive A, B, AB or O blood

Universal recipient

32
Q

A transfusion

A

can receive A and O blood

33
Q

B transfusion

A

can receive B and O blood

34
Q

O transfusion

A

can receive O blood

universal donor

35
Q

RH blood groups

A

presence or absence of antigen D

Rh negative: RBC lasck Rh antigen

Rh positive: RBC has antigen

person with rh neg blood does not make anti Rh unless exposed to Rh positive blood

36
Q

Rh Sensitization

A

person with negative blood receives transfusion of positive blood

initial is not problme but anti body cells begin synthesizing anti-Rh antibodies

person is now sensitized to Rh-positive blood

next exposure wo Rh positive blood will cause recipients blood to agglutinate with donors RBC

37
Q

Rh pregnance dangers

A

when mother is Rh- and father is Rh+

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

38
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A

Rh- mother carrying Rh+ baby

first child no problem

after mother is sensitized to Rh+ and will produce anti Rh antibodies

2nd pregnancy will attack Rh+ blood of fetus

39
Q

RhoGAM shot

A

shot to prevent buildup of anti Rh+ antibodies in mothers blood

40
Q

Blood Typing

A

blood type is determinede by finding which antigens are present on RBC membrane

blood is typed by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain antigens to clump

ABO and Rh typing are done in similar manner

41
Q

Cross matching

A

testing for agglutination of donors RBC by the recipients serum and vice versa

42
Q

Agglutination testing

A

expose sample to anti A antibodies and anti B antibodies

look for clumping (agglutination)]

if clumping present the antigen is present on the RBC

43
Q

Blood Transfusions

A

always best to give person their own blood

44
Q

Transfusion reaction

A

agglutination of donor RBC because recipients plasma contains antibodies against the antigens on donor RBC

Biology 108 (38 decks)

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