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Biology 108 > Chapter 5 skeletal system > Flashcards

Chapter 5 skeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

Skeletal system

A

bones joints cartilages ligaments

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2
Q

skeletal subdivisions

A

Axial skeleton appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

bone in an adult

A

206

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4
Q

function of bones

A

support the body protect soft organs allow movement due to attached muscle store minerals and fats blood cell formation

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5
Q

bone tissue

A

compact bone outside osteon spongy bone-inside

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6
Q

classification of bone shape

A

Long bones short bones flat bones irregular bones

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7
Q

long bones

A

typically longer than wide expanded end femur, humerus

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8
Q

short bones

A

generally cube shaped carpals and tarsals

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9
Q

flat bones

A

thin flattened and usually curved skull, ribs and sternum

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10
Q

irregular bones

A

irregular shape do not fit other classification categories vertebrae, hip bones

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11
Q

long bone structure

A

Diaphysis epiphysis periosteum perforating fibers articular cartilage epiphyseal plate epiphyseal linemedujllary cavity

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12
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft wall thick layer of compact bone covering spngy bone

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13
Q

epiphysis

A

expanded joints forms joints spngy bone covered by compact bone

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14
Q

periosteum

A

outside covering of the diaphysis blood vessels just underneath fibrous connective tissue membrane

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15
Q

perforating fibers

A

secure periosteum to the underlying bone

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16
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers external surface of epiphysis located on articulated surface made of hyaline cartilage decreases friction at joint surfaces

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17
Q

epipyseal plate

A

flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young growing bone

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18
Q

epiphyseal line

A

remnant of epiphyseal plate seen in adult bones

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19
Q

medullary cavity

A

cavity inside diaphysis lined by endosteum contains yellow marrow in adults contains red marrow in infants highly vascular

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20
Q

microscopic anatomy of bone

A

osteon central canal lamellae lacunae nutrient foramen perforating canal canaliculi

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21
Q

osteon

A

funtional unit of compact bone containing central canal and matrix rings

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22
Q

central canal

A

opening in the center of an osteon carries blood vessels and nerves

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23
Q

lamellae

A

rings around the central canal

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24
Q

lacunae

A

cavities containing osteocytes between lamellae

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25
Q

nutrient foramen

A

on surface of bone where blood vessels enter and leave

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26
Q

perforating canal

A

canal perpendicular to the central canal carries blood vessels and nerves

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27
Q

canaliculi

A

tiny canals radiate from central canal to lacunae form transparent system connecting all bone cells to nutrient supply

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28
Q

Bone formation

A

ossification intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification bone growth appositional growth

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29
Q

ossification

A

bone formation calicification of bone

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30
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

begins as fibrous sheet produces flat bones

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31
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone develops from hyaline cartilage model six weeks fetal development to early 20s most bones develop this way

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32
Q

bone growth

A

epiphyseal plates allow for longitudinal growth of long bones during childhood new cartilage is continuously formed older cartilage becomes ossified epiphyseal plate ossifys then growth stops

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33
Q

appositional growth

A

process by which bones grow in diameter

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34
Q

bone remodeling

A

process of reabsorption and depostion that occurs throughout life 3-5percent annually

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35
Q

remodeling factors

A

blood calcium level pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

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36
Q

cells involved in remodeling

A

osteoclasts secure substances that break down calcified extracellular matrix Acids dissolve inorganic components Lysosomal enzymes digest organic components Osteoblasts secrete new bone

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37
Q

types of bone cells

A

osteocyte mature bone cells osteoblast bone forming cells osteoclasts bone destroying cells

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38
Q

Axial skeleton

A

forms longitudinal axis of the body support head neck and trunk 3 parts

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39
Q

parts of axial skeleton

A

Skull and hyoid vertebral column ribs and sternum

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40
Q

Skull

A

two sets of bones cranial and facial bones are joined by sutures only mandible is attached f=reely moving

41
Q

bones of hard palate

A

maxilla palatine

42
Q

bones of nasal septum

A

ethmoid vomer

43
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity frontal maxillary ethmoid sphenoid

44
Q

functions of paranasal sinuses

A

lighten the skull give resonance and amplification to voice

45
Q

hyoid bone

A

only bone that does not articulate with any other bone serves as a movable base for tongue aids is swallowing and speech

46
Q

fetal skull

A

large compared to infants body frontanels fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones allow bone to grow convert to bone within 24 months

47
Q

vertebral column

A

24 bones separated by discs 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacrum fused 4 coccyx fused

48
Q

spine curvature

A

primary are spinacurvatures of the thoracic and sacralsecondary are spinal curvatures of cervical and lumbar

49
Q

primary spinal curve

A

present from birth convex posteriorly

50
Q

secondary spinal curve

A

develope after birth convex anteriorly

51
Q

spinal curvature disorders

A

scoliosis abnormal lateral curve kyphosis exaggerated thoracic curve lordosis abnormal anterior convexity of lumbar

52
Q

Vertebrae

A

body anterior weight bearing portion foramen canal which spinal cord passes spinous process

53
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

Atlas C1 Axis C2 transverse foramen 2 holes spinous points down

54
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

long pointed spinous process large body horseshoe shaped articulate with ribs giraffe

55
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

large rounder bodies supports body weight no facet for rib lumbering moose

56
Q

sacrum

A

formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae

57
Q

coccyx

A

formed by fusion of 4 vertebrae tailbone

58
Q

total number of vertebrae

A

child 33 adult 26

59
Q

bony thorax

A

forms a cage to protect major organs sternum ribs thoracic vertebrae

60
Q

ribs

A

true ribs 1-7 false ribs 8-12 floating ribs 11-12

61
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

126 bones limbs pectoral girdle pelvic girdle

62
Q

pectoral girdle shoulder

A

clavicle collarbone scapula shoulder blade

63
Q

clavicle

A

elongated s shaped bones forms joint with sternum only joint that attaches upper limb to axial skeleton

64
Q

scapula

A

flat triangular bone articulates with clavicle and humerus

65
Q

bones of upper limbs

A

humerus brachium extends from scapula to elbow antebrachium 2 bones ulna medial bone radius lateral bone

66
Q

Manus hand

A

8 carpals wrist bones 5 metacarpals palm 14 phalanges fingers

67
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

2 coxal bones ossa coxae composed of 3 fused bones illium ischium pubis protects several organs, reproductive, urinary and part of large intestine

68
Q

Lower limbs

A

Femur heaviest and strongest in body crural region 2 bones tibia shinbone larger and medial fibula lateral to tibia thins and sticklike, non weight bearing

69
Q

Foot bones

A

7 tarsals largest talus calcaneus heelbone 5 metatarsals top 14 phalanges toes

70
Q

joint

A

articulation holds bones together allows for mobility

71
Q

joint classifications

A

functionally structurally

72
Q

Funtional joints

A

synarthoses immovable joints amphiarthoses slightly movable joints diarthoses freely movable joints

73
Q

structural joints

A

fibrous joints cartilaginous joints synovial joints

74
Q

fibrous jointts

A

generally immovable articulating bones held together by fibrous tissue no joint cavity

75
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

immovable or slightly movable bones connected by cartilage no cavity

76
Q

synovial joint

A

freely movable joint articulating bones separated by cavity most complex most joints in body

77
Q

synovial joint features

A

hyaline cartilage covers ends of bones fibrous capsule encloses joint surface dense connective tissue joint cavity is fill with synovial fluid lubricates articulating surfaces

78
Q

ligaments

A

structures associated with synovial joint

79
Q

bursae

A

flattened fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid not part of joint reduces friction between muscles and bone, tendon and bone

80
Q

tendon sheath

A

elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

81
Q

menisci of knee

A

fibro cartilage pads shock absorbers limit lateral movement

82
Q

ligaments

A

cruciate ligaments limit anterior-posterior movement of knee ligamentum capitus of hip

83
Q

types of synovial joints

A

plane joint hinge joint pivot joint condyloid joint saddle joint ball and socket joint

84
Q

Plane joint

A

articulating surfaces nearly flat between carpal and tarsal bones

85
Q

hinge joint

A

convex surface fits into a concave surface elbow, knee interphalangeal

86
Q

pivot joint

A

cylyndrical surface rotates with a ring of bone atlas and axis vertebrae proximal radius and ulna

87
Q

condyloid joint

A

ovoid condyloe fitting into and elliptical cavity between metacarpal and phalanges

88
Q

saddle joint

A

articulating surfaces have both concave and convex areas carpal bones and 1st metacarpal

89
Q

ball and socket joint

A

bone with globular or egg shaped head articulating with the cup cavity of another bone hip and shoulder

90
Q

1

A

Osteon

91
Q

2

A

Lamellae

92
Q

3

A

Collagen Fiber

93
Q

4

A

periosteum

94
Q

5

A

spongy bone

95
Q

6

A

perforating canal

96
Q

7

A

central canal

97
Q

8

A

lacuna

98
Q

9

A

osteocyte

99
Q

10

A

canaliculi

Biology 108 (38 decks)

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