Chapter 2.2 (Part 6)

Question 1

 Severe form of acute lung injury
 Sudden and progressive pulmonary
edema
 Increasing bilateral infiltrates on X-ray
 Hypoxemia refractory to oxygen
supplementation
 Reduce lung compliance

Answer 1

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Question 2

Causes of ARDS

Answer 2

 Microemboli - fat (from long bone), air
(dislodge)
 Aspiration of gastric contents (Gastric Sphincter)
 Trauma
 Fungal infection
 Drug overdose
 Smoking

Question 3

S/s of ARDS

Answer 3

 Tachypnea
 Dyspnea
 Retractions
 Hypoxia
 Tachycardia
 Crackles
 Decreased PO2 ; Increased dyspnea

Question 4

Medical Management of ARDS

Answer 4

• Supplemental oxygen
• Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation
• IV therapy
• Rest
• Corticosteroids
• oxygenation
• Explain procedure

Question 5

Is an accumulation of thick purulent fluid within the pleural space

Answer 5

Empyema

Question 6

trapped lung (enclosed by
peel and cannot expand)

Answer 6

Loculation

Question 7

Causes of Empyema

Answer 7

Penetrating chest trauma
hematogenous infection of the pleural space
nonbacterial infections or iatrogenic
causes

Question 8

Clinical manifestation of Empyema

Answer 8

Signs and symptoms similar to those of
an Acute Respiratory Infection or Pneumonia (fever, night sweats, pleural pain, cough, dyspnea, anorexia, weight loss)

Question 9

Stages of Empyema

Answer 9

Stage 1: Exudate Stage
Stage 2: Fibropurulent Stage
Stage 3: Organizing Stage

Question 10

Assessment and Diagnostic findings of empyema

Answer 10

 Decreased or absent breath sounds over the affected area
 Dullness on chest as percuss
 Thoracentesis (at pleural space)
 Fluid is drained and appropriate
antibiotics in large doses
 Sterilization of the empyema cavity
requires 4 to 6 weeks of antibiotics.
 Drainage of the pleural fluid depends
on the stage of disease

Question 11

Nursing Management of Empyema

Answer 11

 Instruct in lung-expanding breathing
exercise
 Provide care specific to the method of drainage
 Instruct the patient and family on care of
the drainage system and drain site
 Instruct signs and symptoms of infection, and how and when to contact Health Care Provider

Question 12

Nursing Intervention of ARDS

Answer 12

 Monitor respiration
 Identify cause of ARDS
 Administer oxygen therapy
 Position client to High Fowlers
 Restrict fluid intake
 Provide respiratory treatment
 Administer diuretics, anticoagulants,
corticosteroids
 Promote calmness