Chapter 2 (Part 6)

Question 1

Inflammation of the pharynx

Answer 1

Pharyngitis

Question 2

Sudden painful
inflammation of the
pharynx, palate, and
tonsils

Answer 2

Acute Pharyngitis

Question 3

Common in patient
younger than 25 years
of age particularly 5
and 15 years old

Answer 3

Acute Pharyngitis

Question 4

Causes of Pharyngitis

Answer 4

1. Adenovirus
2. Influenza virus
3. Epstein virus

Question 5

Clinical manifestation of acute pharyngitis

Answer 5

1. Sore throat (primary symptom)
2. Fiery red pharyngeal membrane and tonsils
3. Swollen lymph nodes with purple exudate
4. Difficulty swallowing, fever, malaise

Question 6

Persistent inflammation
of the pharynx.

Answer 6

Chronic pharyngitis

Question 7

Common in adults who work in dusty surroundings, use their voice to excess, suffer from chronic cough, or habitually use alcohol and tobacco.

Answer 7

Chronic pharyngitis

Question 8

Three types of chronic pharyngitis

Answer 8

1. Hypertrophic
2. Atrophic
3. Chronic granular

Question 9

General thickening and congestion of the
pharyngeal mucous
membrane

Answer 9

Hypertophic

Question 10

late stage of the first type (the membrane is thin, whitish, glistening, and
at time wrinkled)

Answer 10

Atrophic

Question 11

numerous swollen lymph follicles on the
pharyngeal wall

Answer 11

Chronic granular

Question 12

Clinical manifestations of chronic pharyngitis

Answer 12

Consistent sense or irritation and cough

Question 13

Diagnostic test for Pharyngitis

Answer 13

1. Rapid strep culture (RST)
2. Strep culture

Question 14

Nursing management for pharyngitis

Answer 14

1. Give antibiotic
2. Gargle with warm salt water
3. Use tissue to dispose phlegm properly
4. Check skin
5. Bed rest
6. Avoid exposure to allergens
7. Assess signs and symptoms

Question 15

An inflammation of the larynx, often
occurs as a result of voice abuse or
exposure to dust, chemicals, smoke, and
other pollutants, or as part of upper
respiratory system.

Answer 15

Laryngitis

Question 16

Causes of Laryngitis

Answer 16

Viral or bacterial

Question 17

Manifestations of Laryngitis

Answer 17

1. Hoarseness or Aphonia (Loss of voice)
2. Severe cough and sore throat

Question 18

Plan for Laryngitis

Answer 18

1. Maintain patent airway
2. Maintain effective ways of communication
3. Maintain hydration
4. Knowledge on how to prevent URI in absense of complication

Question 19

Medical management of laryngitis

Answer 19

1. Anti histamines
2. Steroids
3. Antibiotic

Question 20

Nursing Management for Laryngitis

Answer 20

1. Encourage to rest the voice box
2. Maintain a well humidified environment
3. Instructs patient about the importance of taking prescribed medications including proton pump inhibitors such as OMEPRAZOLE

Question 21

a hemorrhage from the nose, is caused
by the rupture of tiny, distended vessels
in the mucous membrane of any area of the nose.

Answer 21

Epistaxis

Question 22

Three major blood vessels

Answer 22

1. the ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL ARTERY on the forward part of the roof (Kiesselbach plexus)
2. the SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY in the posterosuperior region, and
3. the INTERNAL MAXILLARY BRANCHES (the plexus of veins located at the back of the lateral wall under the inferior turbinate).

Question 23

Risk factors of Epistaxis

Answer 23

 Local infections (vestibulitis, rhinitis,
rhinosinusitis)
 Systemic infections (scarlet fever,
malaria)
 Drying of nasal mucous membranes
 Nasal inhalation of corticosteroids (e.g.,
beclomethasone) or illicit DRUGS
 drugs (e.g., cocaine)
 Trauma (digital trauma, blunt trauma,
fracture, forceful nose blowing)
 Arteriosclerosis
 Hypertension
 Tumor (sinus or nasopharynx)
 Thrombocytopenia (low platelet)
 Use of aspirin
 Liver disease
 Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome
(hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia)

Question 24

Medical Management for Epistaxis

Answer 24

 Apply direct pressure
 sits upright with the head tilted forward
to prevent swallowing and aspiration of
blood
 pinch the soft outer portion of the
nose against the midline septum for 5 or 10 minutes continuously.
 Application of nasal decongestants
 Silver nitrate application
 Apply topical vasoconstriction
 Apply cotton tampon
 Suctioning to remove excess blood
 Gauze packing
 Balloon-inflated catheter
 Antibiotic may be prescribed because of
the risk of iatrogenic sinusitis and toxic
shock syndrome

Question 25

Nursing Management for Epistaxis

Answer 25

 Monitor vital signs
 Assist in the control of bleeding
 Provide tissue and an emesis basin to
allow the patient to expectorate any
excess blood
 Assess the patient’s breathing and airway
 Avoid forceful nose blowing, straining,
high altitude, and nasal trauma.
 Provide adequate humidification

Question 26

is a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction and a reduction in ventilation.

Answer 26

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Question 27

Risk factors for OSA

Answer 27

1. Obesity
2. Male
3. Post menopausal women
4. Alteration in upper airway, such as structural changes (tonsillar hypertrophy,
   abnormal posterior positioning of one or
   both jaws)

Question 28

3 Types of SA

Answer 28

1. Obstructive
2. Central
3. Mixed

Question 29

lack of air flow due to
pharyngeal occlusion

Answer 29

Obstructive SA

Question 30

simultaneous cessation of
both air flow and respiratory movement

Answer 30

Central OSA

Question 31

combination of both
obstructive and central

Answer 31

Mixed OSA

Question 32

Classis s/s of OSA

Answer 32

1. Snoring
2. Sleepiness
3. Significant-other report of sleep apnea episodes

Question 33

Manifestations of OSA

Answer 33

 Excessive daytime sleepiness
 Frequent nocturnal awakening
 Insomnia
 Loud snoring
 Morning headaches
 Intellectual deterioration
 Personality changes, irritability
 Impotence
 Systemic hypertension
 Arrhythmias
 Pulmonary hypertension, or pulmonale
 Polycythemia
 Enuresis

Question 34

Diagnosis of OSA

Answer 34

Polysomnographic findings (Sleep Study)

Question 35

Management for OSA

Answer 35

1. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
   (CPAP)
2. Medications
3. Weight reduction/weight loss