Chapter 21 - William III's Invasion Flashcards
What was the Glorious Revolution?
Removal of Catholic James II by the political nation
Replaced by Protestant William III & Mary
What was the Declaration of Indulgence?
When did James re-issue it?
Why?
Toleration of Scottish Catholics, worship rights for Presbyterians
1688, next Parliament to make it law
To establish freedom of religion
Who were the 6 bishops?
Along with Archbishop Sancroft
Didn’t want clergy to read declaration as based on a power Parliament regarded illegal
How did James turn the 6 bishops & Sancroft into martyrs?
Put in tower & on trial
How did the trial of Sancroft & the 6 bishops threaten the kings prerogative?
Trial found them not guilty - a constitutional judgement against king’s suspending power
When was James’ son born?
How did this create fears over the line of succession?
10 June 1688
Fear of Catholic succession: James & wife, Mary of Modena (Italian)
James 54
Succession bypass James’ Protestant sister Mary
Who was committed to legitimate succession?
What triggered taking action towards the succession?
Tories
Birth of James’ son & James constant use of courts to own ends
Why was invading England advantageous for William of Orange?
Dutch under threat from Louis XIV’s northern expansion
England alliance could encircle France
Who was Zuylestein?
William’s emissary sent to England
Guise of congratulating James on birth of son
But there to meet James’ opponents and get an invitation to invade
Who were the Immortal 7?
Those who invited William to invade
5 Whigs
2 Tories
Letter sent on 30 June 1688
What was the aim of the Immortal 7?
Securing a free Parliament & investigate legitimacy of James’ son
What did the Immortal 7’s letter to William state?
Population majority dissatisfied with present government in relation to religion, liberties & properties
What was the Dutch Republic’s secret resolution?
29 September 1688
Supported William’s plan to invade England
What was William’s declaration of reasons for invasion
Not taking throne as politically dangerous
Initial aims: intervene in English politics, remodel Parliament & Privy Council
What was the motivation behind William’s aims in his declaration?
Ensure England support Dutch against France
Who declared James II’s son king after his death in 1701?
France, Louis XIV
Spain
Papal States
How did James try and prevent William’s invasion?
Compromise with opponents in England: offered concessions to Sancroft & other bishops
Too late
Where & when did William land in England?
5 November 1688
Torbay
What progress did William make on his advancement before James intervened?
Occupied Exeter
Other areas secured by peers
Why was William’s invasion a top down revolution?
Most of general population not involved
What triggered James’ intervention in William’s invasion?
William called for a free Parliament
How was James’ position good during William’s invasion?
How was this weakened?
Central London
Standing army
Reluctance to depose James
Failed to take action
Army suffered desertions
When did James & Mary send their son to France?
9 December 1688
Why did bishops and peers have ‘no choice’ but to support William?
11 December
James withdrew himself from kingship when he dropped Great Seal of England in the Thames as he fled London?
What happened after James fled London?
11-13 December
Anti-Catholic riots
When & why does James flee to France?
23 December 1688
Fearful for son
Determined to not betray his religion
Who did William call for advice from after James flight?
Why?
MPs from Charles II’s Parliament
Lord Mayors
Representatives from Governors of London
Council predominantly Whig so likely to favour William
Who were the Assembly of Peers?
What did they do on December 24 1688?
Organised to run England in James’ absence
Invited William to take over government
Called for constitution preserving religion, rights, laws & property
When were writs issued for elections to the new convention after William’s invasion?
29 December 1688
