Chapter 21 - William III's Invasion

Question 1

What was the Glorious Revolution?

Answer 1

Removal of Catholic James II by the political nation
Replaced by Protestant William III & Mary

Question 2

What was the Declaration of Indulgence?
When did James re-issue it?
Why?

Answer 2

Toleration of Scottish Catholics, worship rights for Presbyterians
1688, next Parliament to make it law
To establish freedom of religion

Question 3

Who were the 6 bishops?

Answer 3

Along with Archbishop Sancroft
Didn’t want clergy to read declaration as based on a power Parliament regarded illegal

Question 4

How did James turn the 6 bishops & Sancroft into martyrs?

Answer 4

Put in tower & on trial

Question 5

How did the trial of Sancroft & the 6 bishops threaten the kings prerogative?

Answer 5

Trial found them not guilty - a constitutional judgement against king’s suspending power

Question 6

When was James’ son born?
How did this create fears over the line of succession?

Answer 6

10 June 1688
Fear of Catholic succession: James & wife, Mary of Modena (Italian)
James 54
Succession bypass James’ Protestant sister Mary

Question 7

Who was committed to legitimate succession?
What triggered taking action towards the succession?

Answer 7

Tories
Birth of James’ son & James constant use of courts to own ends

Question 8

Why was invading England advantageous for William of Orange?

Answer 8

Dutch under threat from Louis XIV’s northern expansion
England alliance could encircle France

Question 9

Who was Zuylestein?

Answer 9

William’s emissary sent to England
Guise of congratulating James on birth of son
But there to meet James’ opponents and get an invitation to invade

Question 10

Who were the Immortal 7?

Answer 10

Those who invited William to invade
5 Whigs
2 Tories
Letter sent on 30 June 1688

Question 11

What was the aim of the Immortal 7?

Answer 11

Securing a free Parliament & investigate legitimacy of James’ son

Question 12

What did the Immortal 7’s letter to William state?

Answer 12

Population majority dissatisfied with present government in relation to religion, liberties & properties

Question 13

What was the Dutch Republic’s secret resolution?

Answer 13

29 September 1688
Supported William’s plan to invade England

Question 14

What was William’s declaration of reasons for invasion

Answer 14

Not taking throne as politically dangerous
Initial aims: intervene in English politics, remodel Parliament & Privy Council

Question 15

What was the motivation behind William’s aims in his declaration?

Answer 15

Ensure England support Dutch against France

Question 16

Who declared James II’s son king after his death in 1701?

Answer 16

France, Louis XIV
Spain
Papal States

Question 17

How did James try and prevent William’s invasion?

Answer 17

Compromise with opponents in England: offered concessions to Sancroft & other bishops
Too late

Question 18

Where & when did William land in England?

Answer 18

5 November 1688
Torbay

Question 19

What progress did William make on his advancement before James intervened?

Answer 19

Occupied Exeter
Other areas secured by peers

Question 20

Why was William’s invasion a top down revolution?

Answer 20

Most of general population not involved

Question 21

What triggered James’ intervention in William’s invasion?

Answer 21

William called for a free Parliament

Question 22

How was James’ position good during William’s invasion?
How was this weakened?

Answer 22

Central London
Standing army
Reluctance to depose James

Failed to take action
Army suffered desertions

Question 23

When did James & Mary send their son to France?

Answer 23

9 December 1688

Question 24

Why did bishops and peers have ‘no choice’ but to support William?

Answer 24

11 December
James withdrew himself from kingship when he dropped Great Seal of England in the Thames as he fled London?

Question 25

What happened after James fled London?

Answer 25

11-13 December
Anti-Catholic riots

Question 26

When & why does James flee to France?

Answer 26

23 December 1688
Fearful for son
Determined to not betray his religion

Question 27

Who did William call for advice from after James flight?
Why?

Answer 27

MPs from Charles II’s Parliament
Lord Mayors
Representatives from Governors of London

Council predominantly Whig so likely to favour William

Question 28

Who were the Assembly of Peers?
What did they do on December 24 1688?

Answer 28

Organised to run England in James’ absence
Invited William to take over government
Called for constitution preserving religion, rights, laws & property

Question 29

When were writs issued for elections to the new convention after William’s invasion?

Answer 29

29 December 1688