Chapter 16 Flashcards
When was the Instrument of Government issued?
What did it declare? (3)
1653
Republic
Cromwell = Lord Protector
1st written constitution
What was important about the Instrument of Government being the 1st written const?
Stability for republic
Monarchs used unwritten to extend prerogative
Written = anti-monarchy
How did the Instrument of Government provide stability for the Republic?
1st written const
Declared a republic (gives it officiality)
Who wrote the Instrument of Government?
Why?
How did it solve this?
Lambert
Fears of potential unrestricted p power
Balance p & Lord Protector with a Council of State
How was the Instrument of Government established?
Organised military coup
What were Cromwell’s 2 aims when he became Lord Protector?
Healing & settling (stable gov)
Religious & social (godly) reformation
What religion did the godly reformation lean towards?
Who wouldn’t support?
Why?
Puritanism
PN, so alienated
Conservative
How were Cromwell’s 2 aims counterproductive?
Godly reformation alienates conservative PN
Reinforced reliance on army hampering settlement with PN (healing & settling)
When was the 1st Protectorate parliament?
Sep 1654 - Jan 1655
What problems did republicans have with the Protector?
What did they want p position to be?
Saw as alternative monarch
Social authority
What concerns did republicans have during the protectorate?
C authority when p not in session
C control of army
Need to reduce armed forces
How did Cromwell respond to republican concerns during the Protectorate?
His ‘fundamentals’ of gov
What was outlined in the ‘fundamentals’ of gov? (4)
Gov by single person & p
Regular ps
Religious freedom
Militia controlled by C, Council of State, p
What was the Recognition?
MPs to take oath recognising the ‘fundamentals’ of gov
Who refused to take the Recognition?
What happened to them?
100 MPs
Withdrew from p
What success had C & Council of State before the 1st sitting of 1st protectorate p?
Active: passed 83 ordinances
Finance = increased effective tax-collection
When was Biddle’s case?
1654
During 1st Protectorate p
What was Biddle’s case?
John Biddle accused of blasphemy by MPs
Interrogated, imprisoned, works burned
What did Biddle’s case show about p?
P trying to enforce right to control religion over C & Council of State
When was the 1st protectorate p dissolved?
Why?
22 Jan 1655
Biddle’s case
MPs attack instrument
P failure to fund army
When was the Rule of the Major-Generals?
What was it?
Who were they?
1655-57
11 areas with 1 MG for each
Selected leading officers from the NMA
Who was prominent in instructing the MG?
What were the instructions?
What did the instructions show?
Lambert
Promoting C 2 aims & security of regime
Concern to prevent further rebellion
What were the MGs a result of?
C & Lambert overreaction to 1st p failure
Why was the godly reformation a reason for the MGs?
Reformation needed after Western design failure