Chapter 16 Flashcards
When was the Instrument of Government issued?
What did it declare? (3)
1653
Republic
Cromwell = Lord Protector
1st written constitution
What was important about the Instrument of Government being the 1st written const?
Stability for republic
Monarchs used unwritten to extend prerogative
Written = anti-monarchy
How did the Instrument of Government provide stability for the Republic?
1st written const
Declared a republic (gives it officiality)
Who wrote the Instrument of Government?
Why?
How did it solve this?
Lambert
Fears of potential unrestricted p power
Balance p & Lord Protector with a Council of State
How was the Instrument of Government established?
Organised military coup
What were Cromwell’s 2 aims when he became Lord Protector?
Healing & settling (stable gov)
Religious & social (godly) reformation
What religion did the godly reformation lean towards?
Who wouldn’t support?
Why?
Puritanism
PN, so alienated
Conservative
How were Cromwell’s 2 aims counterproductive?
Godly reformation alienates conservative PN
Reinforced reliance on army hampering settlement with PN (healing & settling)
When was the 1st Protectorate parliament?
Sep 1654 - Jan 1655
What problems did republicans have with the Protector?
What did they want p position to be?
Saw as alternative monarch
Social authority
What concerns did republicans have during the protectorate?
C authority when p not in session
C control of army
Need to reduce armed forces
How did Cromwell respond to republican concerns during the Protectorate?
His ‘fundamentals’ of gov
What was outlined in the ‘fundamentals’ of gov? (4)
Gov by single person & p
Regular ps
Religious freedom
Militia controlled by C, Council of State, p
What was the Recognition?
MPs to take oath recognising the ‘fundamentals’ of gov
Who refused to take the Recognition?
What happened to them?
100 MPs
Withdrew from p
What success had C & Council of State before the 1st sitting of 1st protectorate p?
Active: passed 83 ordinances
Finance = increased effective tax-collection
When was Biddle’s case?
1654
During 1st Protectorate p
What was Biddle’s case?
John Biddle accused of blasphemy by MPs
Interrogated, imprisoned, works burned
What did Biddle’s case show about p?
P trying to enforce right to control religion over C & Council of State
When was the 1st protectorate p dissolved?
Why?
22 Jan 1655
Biddle’s case
MPs attack instrument
P failure to fund army
When was the Rule of the Major-Generals?
What was it?
Who were they?
1655-57
11 areas with 1 MG for each
Selected leading officers from the NMA
Who was prominent in instructing the MG?
What were the instructions?
What did the instructions show?
Lambert
Promoting C 2 aims & security of regime
Concern to prevent further rebellion
What were the MGs a result of?
C & Lambert overreaction to 1st p failure
Why was the godly reformation a reason for the MGs?
Reformation needed after Western design failure
How did the royalists create the need for the MGs?
Renewed threat & plotting
Penruddocks rising, 1655
What act was introduced with the MGs?
Decimation act
Cheaper militia by shifting tac burden to just ex-royalists
What were the actions of the MGs reliant upon?
Some
Wholly
Berry
Personal inclination
Sought to enforce godliness
Effort to improve the lot of those at bottom of society in his area
Further reformation
How was the PN threatened by the MGs?
Control of localities
How was the gentry threatened by the MGs?
Greater role of lesser gentry, soldiers, merchants as result of rev
How did the MGs gain support form the army?
Higher levels of taxation which is now on the PN
Not enough raised to reduce army & transfer military security to military
How did the Decimation tax hinder royalist acceptance of the new regime & MGs?
Decimation tax taxes only royalists
Examining tax records
deterred reconciliation
During the rule of the MGs, which religious group’s nos increased?
What did the radicals questioning of norms threaten?
Quakers
Social, economic & political hierarchy
During the MGs, how did religion threaten the conservative PN?
NMA linked w/ religious radicalism & Army prevented prosecution of radicals
When was the 2nd protectorate p called?
Why?
1656
Shifted position to healing & settling having never lost desire for p settlement
Why was the Militia Bill created?
What caused an MP negative reaction?
Enforce Decimation tax & make it permanent
Military & civilian power struggle
During Militia Bill debates, what was suggested to reconcile PN w/ regime?
C offered crown through new const designed to heal & settle (Humble Petition & Advice = new const proposal)
What were the advantages of kingship for Cromwell?
More recognition for gentry
Est succession line (herreditary)
Achieve p settlement
What were the disadvantages of kingship for Cromwell?
C = usurper (royalist view)
Opposition from republicans & NMA (power would lie solely w/ monarch)
When was the Humble Petition & Advice?
When did Cromwell accept?
1657
25 May
Why did Cromwell refuse the crown?
Army opp & could remove C
For C, army opp would signify God judged against kingship
Who did C consideration of the Humble Petition & Advice alienate?
Lambert & resigned
Republicans saw C as king,in all but name
