Chapter 16

Question 1

When was the Instrument of Government issued?
What did it declare? (3)

Answer 1

1653
Republic
Cromwell = Lord Protector
1st written constitution

Question 2

What was important about the Instrument of Government being the 1st written const?

Answer 2

Stability for republic
Monarchs used unwritten to extend prerogative
Written = anti-monarchy

Question 3

How did the Instrument of Government provide stability for the Republic?

Answer 3

1st written const
Declared a republic (gives it officiality)

Question 4

Who wrote the Instrument of Government?
Why?
How did it solve this?

Answer 4

Lambert
Fears of potential unrestricted p power
Balance p & Lord Protector with a Council of State

Question 5

How was the Instrument of Government established?

Answer 5

Organised military coup

Question 6

What were Cromwell’s 2 aims when he became Lord Protector?

Answer 6

Healing & settling (stable gov)
Religious & social (godly) reformation

Question 7

What religion did the godly reformation lean towards?
Who wouldn’t support?
Why?

Answer 7

Puritanism
PN, so alienated
Conservative

Question 8

How were Cromwell’s 2 aims counterproductive?

Answer 8

Godly reformation alienates conservative PN
Reinforced reliance on army hampering settlement with PN (healing & settling)

Question 9

When was the 1st Protectorate parliament?

Answer 9

Sep 1654 - Jan 1655

Question 10

What problems did republicans have with the Protector?
What did they want p position to be?

Answer 10

Saw as alternative monarch
Social authority

Question 11

What concerns did republicans have during the protectorate?

Answer 11

C authority when p not in session
C control of army
Need to reduce armed forces

Question 12

How did Cromwell respond to republican concerns during the Protectorate?

Answer 12

His ‘fundamentals’ of gov

Question 13

What was outlined in the ‘fundamentals’ of gov? (4)

Answer 13

Gov by single person & p
Regular ps
Religious freedom
Militia controlled by C, Council of State, p

Question 14

What was the Recognition?

Answer 14

MPs to take oath recognising the ‘fundamentals’ of gov

Question 15

Who refused to take the Recognition?
What happened to them?

Answer 15

100 MPs
Withdrew from p

Question 16

What success had C & Council of State before the 1st sitting of 1st protectorate p?

Answer 16

Active: passed 83 ordinances
Finance = increased effective tax-collection

Question 17

When was Biddle’s case?

Answer 17

1654
During 1st Protectorate p

Question 18

What was Biddle’s case?

Answer 18

John Biddle accused of blasphemy by MPs
Interrogated, imprisoned, works burned

Question 19

What did Biddle’s case show about p?

Answer 19

P trying to enforce right to control religion over C & Council of State

Question 20

When was the 1st protectorate p dissolved?
Why?

Answer 20

22 Jan 1655
Biddle’s case
MPs attack instrument
P failure to fund army

Question 21

When was the Rule of the Major-Generals?
What was it?
Who were they?

Answer 21

1655-57
11 areas with 1 MG for each
Selected leading officers from the NMA

Question 22

Who was prominent in instructing the MG?
What were the instructions?
What did the instructions show?

Answer 22

Lambert
Promoting C 2 aims & security of regime
Concern to prevent further rebellion

Question 23

What were the MGs a result of?

Answer 23

C & Lambert overreaction to 1st p failure

Question 24

Why was the godly reformation a reason for the MGs?

Answer 24

Reformation needed after Western design failure

Question 25

How did the royalists create the need for the MGs?

Answer 25

Renewed threat & plotting
Penruddocks rising, 1655

Question 26

What act was introduced with the MGs?

Answer 26

Decimation act
Cheaper militia by shifting tac burden to just ex-royalists

Question 27

What were the actions of the MGs reliant upon?
Some
Wholly
Berry

Answer 27

Personal inclination

Sought to enforce godliness
Effort to improve the lot of those at bottom of society in his area
Further reformation

Question 28

How was the PN threatened by the MGs?

Answer 28

Control of localities

Question 29

How was the gentry threatened by the MGs?

Answer 29

Greater role of lesser gentry, soldiers, merchants as result of rev

Question 30

How did the MGs gain support form the army?

Answer 30

Higher levels of taxation which is now on the PN
Not enough raised to reduce army & transfer military security to military

Question 31

How did the Decimation tax hinder royalist acceptance of the new regime & MGs?

Answer 31

Decimation tax taxes only royalists
Examining tax records
deterred reconciliation

Question 32

During the rule of the MGs, which religious group’s nos increased?
What did the radicals questioning of norms threaten?

Answer 32

Quakers
Social, economic & political hierarchy

Question 33

During the MGs, how did religion threaten the conservative PN?

Answer 33

NMA linked w/ religious radicalism & Army prevented prosecution of radicals

Question 34

When was the 2nd protectorate p called?
Why?

Answer 34

1656
Shifted position to healing & settling having never lost desire for p settlement

Question 35

Why was the Militia Bill created?
What caused an MP negative reaction?

Answer 35

Enforce Decimation tax & make it permanent
Military & civilian power struggle

Question 36

During Militia Bill debates, what was suggested to reconcile PN w/ regime?

Answer 36

C offered crown through new const designed to heal & settle (Humble Petition & Advice = new const proposal)

Question 37

What were the advantages of kingship for Cromwell?

Answer 37

More recognition for gentry
Est succession line (herreditary)
Achieve p settlement

Question 38

What were the disadvantages of kingship for Cromwell?

Answer 38

C = usurper (royalist view)
Opposition from republicans & NMA (power would lie solely w/ monarch)

Question 39

When was the Humble Petition & Advice?
When did Cromwell accept?

Answer 39

1657
25 May

Question 40

Why did Cromwell refuse the crown?

Answer 40

Army opp & could remove C
For C, army opp would signify God judged against kingship

Question 41

Who did C consideration of the Humble Petition & Advice alienate?

Answer 41

Lambert & resigned
Republicans saw C as king,in all but name