Chapter 11 Flashcards
When did the first civil war end?
When was the second civil war?
1646
1648-49
By the end of the firs ciil war, 1646, what factions had emerged in parliament?
Political Presbyterians, ‘peace party’
Political independents, ‘war party’
What were the Political Presbyterians?
A political faction
More influential
Denzill & Holles
More moderate
Opposed religious toleration
Favoured Scottish Covenanters as willing to disband NMA
What were the Political independents?
Political faction
Cromwell & Ireton
More radical
Dislikes Scottish Presbyterian authoritarianism
Religious toleration
Allied with NMA
What treaty ended the first civil war?
The Newcastle Proposals
July 1646
Political Presbyterian settlement
Why did Charles stall signing the Newcastle proposals?
To allow divisions to grow with parliament, Scots & NMA
What was the settlement for the Newcastle proposals?
Charles to accept Presbyterian for 3 years
Parliament to control militia for 20 years (rest of Charles life)
Triennial act called parliament every 3 years
Only 58 royalists weren’t pardoned, encouraging others to admit defeat
what was the political Presbyterian reply to the Newcastle proposals?
1646-47
Revised revision, amounted as a counter revolution
Disband NMA
Replace with London trained bands
Why did the political Presbyterian want to disband the NMA in their revised Newcastle proposals?
Parliament owed army £3 million
Indemnity act not passed yet which would Larsen wartime offences
Why was the NMA pulled into politics (politicised)?
Political Presbyterians wanting to disband army without pay in revision of Newcastle proposals
Offended by Holles’ declaration of dislike
Why did the NMA become more radical?
Dominant political Presbyterians ignored their demands
March 1647:
NMA petition for redress of grievances condemned
May 1647:
Commons accept Charles 3rd reply to Newcastle proposals
NMA to be disbanded with only 8 weeks pay
Antagonised NMA
What was the NMA’s response to the commons accepting Charles’ 3rd reply to the Newcastle proposals?
June 1647
Fairfax orders Newmarket meeting
Formation of increased formal NMA political structure
When was Charles seized by the NMA?
Why?
2 June 1647
Had physical control of the king
Able to direct negotiations
What was the humble remonstrance?
4 June 1647
Stated NMA wouldn’t dismantle until grievances met & political Presbyterians removed
Presented to p in Solemn engagement
To reinforce impeachment charges for 11 MPs (Holles)
What was A representation of the army?
14 June 1647
By ireton & lambert, Cromwell aided
Outlined fundamentals of NMA political position:
Purge of p
Future ps to have a fixed duration
Extension of religious freedom
What was ireton’s heads of proposals?
16 July 1647
NMA settlement plan:
Biennial parliament
Reform of p representation
P control of army & navy
Religious settlement that maintained bishops
Act of oblivion (pardon) for most royalists punishments
What was the Four Bills?
Amalgamation of pal’s Newcastle proposals & army’s heads of proposals
Sent to Charles while still imprisoned
Rejected after his escape to Scots
What was the engagement?
December 1647
Secret agreement with C & Engagers (Scottish Covenanters faction) as disappointed with p alliance
What did the engagement state?
England would have 3 years of Protestantism is Scot’s help invade England
Agreed as thought 3 years enough to establish
What did the engagement cause?
Covenanters turn on former p allies (triggers 2CW)
P’s vote if no engagement
January 1648
No further negotiation with Charles
What was the Windsor prayer meeting?
April 1648
NMA at Windsor to pray before battle
Harrison declared Charles a ‘man of blood’
First debates of regicide
Why were the royalists defeated?
Revolt in the provinces, 1648
Preston defeat, July 1648
Lost control of Edinburgh & Glasgow
What caused the revolts in the provinces?
Why did the royalists loose?
Anti p & Presbyterian risings wanting to divide NMA
1648
Uncoordinated against United NMA
Fairfax & Ireton dealt with Kent rising
Cromwell = Cornwall
Who were fighting the royalists at Preston?
Scot forces who joined 4,000 royalists in north
Who were outnumbered
25.’who won at Preston?
Cromwell & Lambert crush royalists
