Chapter 17 Flashcards
The large molecule containing all the hereditary information of a cell
DNA
Repeating units that make up DNA
nucleotides
The 3 components of each nucleotide
phosphate group, five-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base
Larger double-ringed nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine
purines
Smaller single-ringed nitrogenous bases cytosine and thymine
pyrimidines
DNA strands are ____, they run in opposite directions
antiparallel
Large key enzyme for DNA replication
DNA polymerase
Each new replicated DNA molecule is _____, it contains one of the original strands and a newly synthesized complementary strand
semiconservative
The sugar component of DNA
deoxyribose
The sugar component of RNA
ribose
While DNA’s one important function is heredity, this single-stranded nucleic acid molecule has several important functions and forms
RNA
The process of making an mRNA copy of DNA in the nucleus
transcription
The large enzyme involved in transcribing DNA into RNA
RNA polymerase
A triplet of mRNA nucleotides
codon
This organelle reads an mRNA message and converts it to proteins
ribosome
The process of combining a specific number of amino acids together in a specific sequence outside of the nucleus
translation
These on the tRNA are paired up with each successive codon along the length of a mRNA molecule that is threaded through the ribosome
anticodon
This RNA molecule temporarily binds to the mRNA to deliver anticodons
tRNA
The three components of the Central Dogma Theory
DNA –> RNA –> Polypeptides
The start codon
AUG (methionine)
Any change in the DNA
mutation
This type of mutation is a base substitution that does not cause a change in the final amino acid sequence of a protein
silent mutation
This type of mutation is a base substitution that codes for a different amino acid
missense mutation
This type of mutation occurs when the altered codon is a stop codon
nonsense mutation
This type of mutation is when one or more nucleotides are added or removed from the DNA
base insertion/deletion
When an electric field is applied to the gel in electrophoresis, what size proteins will move more rapidly and farther in the gel?
smaller
In terms of charges, proteins run from what charge to what charge in electrophoresis?
negative to positive
These proteins are widely used in molecular genetics for analyzing DNA and creating recombinant DNA molecules
restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes target these specific DNA pallindromic sequences to cut in such a way to create “sticky” blunt ends
recognition sites
This nitrogenous base replaces thymine in RNA
uracil
Where does translation take place?
cytoplasm
