Chapter 13 Flashcards
Producing spores of one kind only that are not differentiated by sex. The spores of these plants, such as horsetails and most ferns, grow into bisexual gametophytes (producing both male and female gametes).
Homosporous
the production of spores of two different sizes and sexes by the sporophytes of land plants. The smaller of these, the microspore, is male and the larger megaspore is female.
Heterosporous
A type of spore that is present in heterosporous plants.
Generally speaking, this spore germinates into a female gametophyte, which produces egg cells.
Megaspore
land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes,
Microspores
A diploid cell in plants in which meiosis will occur, resulting in the production of four haploid megaspores. At least one of the spores develop into haploid female gametophytes.
Megasporocyte
diploid cells capable of undergoing meiosis to form a tetrad (four joined cells) of haploid microspores. These become pollen grains and may eventually separate.
Microsporocyte
In the life cycle of plants with alternating generations; the asexual and usually diploid phase, producing spores from which the gametophyte arises. It is the dominant form in vascular plants (e.g. the frond of a fern)
Sporophyte
In the life cycle of plants with alternating generations; the gamete-producing and usually haploid phase, producing the zygote from which the sporophyte arises. It is the dominant form in bryophytes.
Gametophyte
tend to develop higher up in coniferous trees
characteristically smaller and wider, compared to seed cones
Pollen Cone
The female cone contains ovules which, when fertilized by pollen, become seeds. The female cone structure varies more markedly between the different conifer families and is often crucial for the identification of many species of conifers.
This is what typically comes to mind when thinking about “cones”
Ovulate Cone
a leaf that bears sporangia.
Sporophyll
The main difference between megasporophyll and microsporophyll?
megasporophyll bears megasporangia, which produces megaspores, whereas microsporophyll bears microsporangia, which produces microspores.
Each of the microscopic particles, typically single cells, of which pollen is composed.
Pollen Grain
A tubular structure produced by the male gametophyte of seed plants when it germinates. Elongation of this structure is an integral stage in the plant life cycle.
Pollen tube
One of the two nuclei produced when the haploid nucleus of a pollen grain divides by mitosis. This nucleus is thought to control the growth of the pollen tube.
Tube cell nucleus
A cell contained within the pollen grain that will divide to produce two haploid sperm cells.
Generative cell nucleus
Simply “haploid nuclei”
Sperm
a structure present on many land plant species consisting of sporangia-bearing structures densely aggregated along a stem.
Strobilus
Sporangia that produce microspores and give rise to male gametes.
Occur in all plants that have heterosporic life cycles, such as spike mosses.
Microsporangia
Sporangium containing only large spores
Megasporangium
a tough outer protective layer, especially that of an animal or plant.
Integument
A small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed.
Micropyle
Part of a seed, consisting of precursor tissues for the leaves, stem, and root. Once it begins to germinate—grow out from the seed—it is called a seedling (plantlet).
Embryo
the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers.
Archegonia
a bundle of leaves or flowers growing crowded together; alternatively, the term might refer to the vascular tissues that supply such an organ with nutrients.
Fascicle
In angiosperms: the thickened part of a stem (pedicel) from which the flower organs grow. In some accessory fruits, for example, the pome and strawberry, it gives rise to the edible part of the fruit.
Receptacle
Typically forms a whorl that encloses the petals and forms a protective layer around a flower in bud.
Sepal
often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators.
Together, all of the petals of a flower
Corolla
Modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators.
Petal
the outer part of a flower, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals).
Perianth
the male reproductive part of a flower. In all but a few extant angiosperms, it consists of a long slender stalk, the filament, with a two-lobed anther at the tip.
Stamen
the stalk of a stamen
Filament
Pollen-bearing structure in the stamen (male organ) of the flower usually located on top of the filament of the stamen
Anther
The 4th, innermost, whorl of modified leaves.
Highly modified megasporophylls, where they enclose one or more ovules.
Carpel
the female reproductive part of a flower. Typically consists of a swollen base, the ovary, which contains the potential seeds, or ovules; a stalk, or style, arising from the ovary; and a pollen-receptive tip, the stigma, variously shaped and often sticky.
Pistil
the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells.
Ovule
most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds.
Gynoecium
Part of the female reproductive part of a flower, the pistil. It is on top of the style. Can be either hairy or sticky, or both to trap pollen.
Stigma
a long, slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary. The stigma is at the top of this structure.
Style
a part of the female reproductive organ of the flower or gynoecium. Specifically, it is the part of the pistil which holds the ovule(s) and is located above or below or at the point of connection with the base of the petals and sepals.
Ovary
Regular vs. Irregular Flowers
(aka: Actinomorphic vs. Zygomorphic)
Regular: Capable of being divided into equal halves along any diameter, as the flowers of a rose or tulip; radially symmetrical.
Irregular: not capable of being divided into equal halves.
an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed.
Cotyledons
This process involves two sperm cells; one fertilizes the egg cell to form the zygote, while the other fuses with the two polar nuclei that form the endosperm.
- After fertilization, the fertilized ovule forms the seed while the tissues of the ovary become the fruit.
- In the first stage of embryonic development, the zygote divides to form two cells; one will develop into a suspensor, while the other gives rise to a proembryo.
- In the second stage of embryonic development (in eudicots), the developing embryo has a heart shape due to the presence of cotyledons.
- As the embryo grows, it begins to bend as it fills the seed; at this point, the seed is ready for dispersal.
Double fertilization
A tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization.
It is triploid in most species. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein.
Endosperm
Examples of Simple Fruits
Berries
Pome
Drupe
a fruit formed from several carpels derived from the same flower
Aggregate Fruits
fruiting bodies formed from a cluster of fruiting flowers.
Each flower produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass in which each flower has produced a true fruit.
Multiple Fruits
the protective outer coat of a seed.
Seed coat
What is the haploid/diploid parts of coniferophyta life cycle?
What are the two classes of angiosperms and their differences?
Monocots
Dicots (Eudicots)
Label the parts
Label the parts
