BIO 242 Chapter 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

These two domains share: no peptidoglycan walls, introns, RNA polymerases, growth is not inhibited by certain antibiotics, and histones.

A

Archaea and Eukarya

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2
Q

These two domains share the following characteristics: operons, circular DNA, plasmids, no nuclear envelope, no membrane-bound organelles, and 70S ribosome size.

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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3
Q

These two domains share the following: unbranched hydrocarbons, no growth over 100 degrees C.

A

Bacteria and Eukarya

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4
Q

Spherical shape of prokaryotes

A

Cocci

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5
Q

Rod shape of prokaryotes

A

Bacilli

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6
Q

Spiral or helical shape of prokaryotes

A

Spirilla

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7
Q

Clusters of cocci prokaryotes

A

Staphylo-

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8
Q

Chains of spirilla prokaryotes

A

Strepto-

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9
Q

Simpler cell walls with large amounts of peptidoglycan (purple stain)

A

Gram-positive

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10
Q

More complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan, and with an additional outer cell membrane with lipopolysaccharides (pink stain)

A

Gram-negative

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11
Q

Why is gram-negative generally more dangerous than gram-positive?

A

Gram-negative has the additional outer membrane that makes it more resistant to antibiotics, and the lipopolysaccharides are often toxic.

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12
Q

This outer sticky protective layer help cells adhere to their substratum, increase resistance, and glue together bacteria that live as colonies.

A

Capsules

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13
Q

Surface appendages that help prokaryotes to adhere to each other or to the substratum.

A

Pili

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14
Q

Common method of locomotion that is scattered over the entire surface or concentrated at one or both ends.

A

Flagella

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15
Q

The protein with “9 pairs + 2” arrangement found in flagella

A

Flagellin

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16
Q

The region in prokaryotes where DNA is concentrated.

A

Nucleoid region

17
Q

Smaller rings of DNA that usually contain one gene or a few genes. These replicate independently of the chromosome and can be transferred between partners during conjugation.

A

Plasmids

18
Q

Asexual reproduction of prokaryotes.

A

Binary fission

19
Q

One cell directly transfers genes to another cell via sex pilus and plasmids.

A

Conjugation

20
Q

Viruses transfer genes between prokaryotes

A

Transduction

21
Q

Bacterial cell absorbs and integrates fragments of DNA from their environment. This allows considerable genetic transfer between prokaryotes, even across species lines.

A

Transformation

22
Q

Major source of genetic variation in prokaryotes, especially since their generation times are so short.

A

Mutation

23
Q

These are produced by some species to act as resting stages that can resist harsh environmental conditions.

A

Endospores (like anthrax that can be found in the ground)

24
Q

Prokaryotes that require oxygen for cellular respiration (aerobic respiration).

A

Obligate aerobes

25
Q

Prokayotes that will use oxygen if present but can also grow by fermentation in an anaerobic environment.

A

Facultative anaerobes

26
Q

Prokaryotes that are poisoned by oxygen and use either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.

A

Obligate anaerobes

27
Q

Membrane lipopolysaccharides fragments that are toxic and can cause fever and bleeding when bacteria lyses.

A

Endotoxins

28
Q

Released from living bacteria and are more deadly and not fever producing.

A

Exotoxins

29
Q

Modified flagella running beneath the outer membrane that move spirochetes

A

Axial filaments

30
Q

Used by some cyanobacteria for locomotion so they can float up and down in water.

A

Gas vesicles

31
Q

These prokaryotes use light as their energy source and CO2 for carbon source.

A

Photoautotroph

photo=light
(auto=CO2 carbon source)
(hetero=organic carbon source)

32
Q

These prokaryotes use inorganic chemicals (hydrogen, sulfide, etc.) as their energy source and CO2 for carbon source.

A

Chemoautotroph

33
Q

These prokaryotes use light as their energy source and organic compounds (sugars) as carbon source.

A

Photoheterotroph

34
Q

These prokaryotes use organic compounds (sugars) as the energy source and organic compounds (sugars) as the carbon source.

A

Chemoheterotroph