BIO 242 Chapter 27 Flashcards
These two domains share: no peptidoglycan walls, introns, RNA polymerases, growth is not inhibited by certain antibiotics, and histones.
Archaea and Eukarya
These two domains share the following characteristics: operons, circular DNA, plasmids, no nuclear envelope, no membrane-bound organelles, and 70S ribosome size.
Bacteria and Archaea
These two domains share the following: unbranched hydrocarbons, no growth over 100 degrees C.
Bacteria and Eukarya
Spherical shape of prokaryotes
Cocci
Rod shape of prokaryotes
Bacilli
Spiral or helical shape of prokaryotes
Spirilla
Clusters of cocci prokaryotes
Staphylo-
Chains of spirilla prokaryotes
Strepto-
Simpler cell walls with large amounts of peptidoglycan (purple stain)
Gram-positive
More complex cell walls with less peptidoglycan, and with an additional outer cell membrane with lipopolysaccharides (pink stain)
Gram-negative
Why is gram-negative generally more dangerous than gram-positive?
Gram-negative has the additional outer membrane that makes it more resistant to antibiotics, and the lipopolysaccharides are often toxic.
This outer sticky protective layer help cells adhere to their substratum, increase resistance, and glue together bacteria that live as colonies.
Capsules
Surface appendages that help prokaryotes to adhere to each other or to the substratum.
Pili
Common method of locomotion that is scattered over the entire surface or concentrated at one or both ends.
Flagella
The protein with “9 pairs + 2” arrangement found in flagella
Flagellin
The region in prokaryotes where DNA is concentrated.
Nucleoid region
Smaller rings of DNA that usually contain one gene or a few genes. These replicate independently of the chromosome and can be transferred between partners during conjugation.
Plasmids
Asexual reproduction of prokaryotes.
Binary fission
One cell directly transfers genes to another cell via sex pilus and plasmids.
Conjugation
Viruses transfer genes between prokaryotes
Transduction
Bacterial cell absorbs and integrates fragments of DNA from their environment. This allows considerable genetic transfer between prokaryotes, even across species lines.
Transformation
Major source of genetic variation in prokaryotes, especially since their generation times are so short.
Mutation
These are produced by some species to act as resting stages that can resist harsh environmental conditions.
Endospores (like anthrax that can be found in the ground)
Prokaryotes that require oxygen for cellular respiration (aerobic respiration).
Obligate aerobes
Prokayotes that will use oxygen if present but can also grow by fermentation in an anaerobic environment.
Facultative anaerobes
Prokaryotes that are poisoned by oxygen and use either fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
Obligate anaerobes
Membrane lipopolysaccharides fragments that are toxic and can cause fever and bleeding when bacteria lyses.
Endotoxins
Released from living bacteria and are more deadly and not fever producing.
Exotoxins
Modified flagella running beneath the outer membrane that move spirochetes
Axial filaments
Used by some cyanobacteria for locomotion so they can float up and down in water.
Gas vesicles
These prokaryotes use light as their energy source and CO2 for carbon source.
Photoautotroph
photo=light
(auto=CO2 carbon source)
(hetero=organic carbon source)
These prokaryotes use inorganic chemicals (hydrogen, sulfide, etc.) as their energy source and CO2 for carbon source.
Chemoautotroph
These prokaryotes use light as their energy source and organic compounds (sugars) as carbon source.
Photoheterotroph
These prokaryotes use organic compounds (sugars) as the energy source and organic compounds (sugars) as the carbon source.
Chemoheterotroph
