BIO 242 Chapter 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the study of the pattern and history of evolutionary descent of all of the taxa used in a classification of organisms?

A

Phylogeny

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2
Q

What is the field of biology that is involved in naming, describing and classifying organisms, including extant and extinct species?

A

Taxonomy

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3
Q

What is the hierarchical classification groups, from broad to specific?

A

Domain–>Kingdom–>Phylum–>Class–>Order–>Family–>Genus–>Species

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4
Q

What is the two-part name each species has?

A

Genus-specific epithet (Capitalized first and both italicized). Together the genus and specific epithet identify the species.

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5
Q

What are secondary taxonomic categories?

A

super-, sub-, infra- (superorder - order - suborder - infraorder - superfamily - family - subfamily - infrafamily)

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6
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Physical separation of two populations of a species that results in two distinct species where no gene flow occurs between them.

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7
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

When a new species is formed within the range of the parent population and reproductive isolation occurs without geographic isolation.

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8
Q

This way of depicting a phylogenic tree is constructed from a series of dichotomies.

A

Cladogram

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9
Q

This type of phyletic evolution is the transformation of one entire species lineage over time into another
through time.

A

Anagenesis (less common)

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10
Q

Type of evolution that is the budding off of one or more new species from a parental species that continues to exist and which may coexist with the ‘daughter’
species for some time.

A

Cladogenesis (more common) also known as branching evolution or divergent evolution

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11
Q

This taxon includes the single ancestral species and all species descended from that ancestral species. This taxon is preferred.

A

Monophyletic taxon

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12
Q

This taxon is one where the members are derived from two or more ancestral forms not common to all members. This taxon is missing many species and the common ancestor, and is most incomplete.

A

Polyphyletic taxon

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13
Q

This taxon is one that excludes some species that share a common ancestor with the rest of the species of the group. This is usually missing an extant species but the common ancestor is still included.

A

Paraphyletic taxon

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14
Q

This is a BYPRODUCT of hydrogenosomes.

A

Hydrogen gas (H2)

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15
Q

These are the ONLY site of nitrogen fixation in the bacteria (the process of taking atmospheric nitrogen and converting it to an organic/usable form, like ammonia.) Neither plants nor animals can use nitrogen found in air, which is why these guys are so important!

A

Heterocysts

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16
Q

The process in taxonomy where various things (books, clouds, species, etc.) are identified
and grouped together into groups.

A

Classification

17
Q

The field of biology concerned with the identification of the evolutionary relationships
among species through time.

A

Systematics

18
Q

What are the taxonomic categories from most to least inclusive?

A

D-K-P-C-O-F-G-S

19
Q

Similarities between two species that evolved independently from different features in their common ancestor, but adapt to the same environment.

A

Convergence

20
Q

Very different structures, but used for similar function. (like bird wings and butterfly wings)

A

Analogous structures (bird and butterfly wings)

21
Q

Very similar structures, but used for different functions. (like mammalian forelimbs in humans, cats, whales).

A

Homologous structures (forelimbs in humans and whales)

22
Q

Similarity in appearance of two groups due to independent evolutionary change. They happen to look similarly by chance.

A

Homoplasy

23
Q

An advanced trait or condition is lost and thus the organism reverts back to using a primitive trait.

A

Reversion

24
Q

Living species

A

Extant

25
Q

Fossil species

A

Extinct

26
Q

This concept provides a way to determine which evolutionary tree minimizes the possible confusing effects of homoplasies. Simple explanations are preferred over complex explanations.

A

Parsimony

27
Q

A specialized or derived trait

A

Apomorphy

28
Q

A primitive or ancestral trait

A

Plesiomorphy

29
Q

A derived trait that is unique to one group in a clade.

A

Autapomorphy

30
Q

A derived trait shared by two or more groups in a clade.

A

Synapomorphy

31
Q

A shared primitive trait.

A

Symplesiomorphy

32
Q

A population whose members have the potential to interbreed with each other in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring, but who cannot produce offspring with members of other species.

A

Biological species concept

33
Q

What are Whittaker’s five kingdom scheme?

A

Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

34
Q

What are Woese’s three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

35
Q

A branch that consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants?

A

Clade

36
Q

A species or group that is related to the various species of interest, but known to be less closely related than any study-group members are to each other.

A

Outgroup