BIO 242 Chapter 26 Flashcards
What’s the study of the pattern and history of evolutionary descent of all of the taxa used in a classification of organisms?
Phylogeny
What is the field of biology that is involved in naming, describing and classifying organisms, including extant and extinct species?
Taxonomy
What is the hierarchical classification groups, from broad to specific?
Domain–>Kingdom–>Phylum–>Class–>Order–>Family–>Genus–>Species
What is the two-part name each species has?
Genus-specific epithet (Capitalized first and both italicized). Together the genus and specific epithet identify the species.
What are secondary taxonomic categories?
super-, sub-, infra- (superorder - order - suborder - infraorder - superfamily - family - subfamily - infrafamily)
Allopatric Speciation
Physical separation of two populations of a species that results in two distinct species where no gene flow occurs between them.
Sympatric Speciation
When a new species is formed within the range of the parent population and reproductive isolation occurs without geographic isolation.
This way of depicting a phylogenic tree is constructed from a series of dichotomies.
Cladogram
This type of phyletic evolution is the transformation of one entire species lineage over time into another
through time.
Anagenesis (less common)
Type of evolution that is the budding off of one or more new species from a parental species that continues to exist and which may coexist with the ‘daughter’
species for some time.
Cladogenesis (more common) also known as branching evolution or divergent evolution
This taxon includes the single ancestral species and all species descended from that ancestral species. This taxon is preferred.
Monophyletic taxon
This taxon is one where the members are derived from two or more ancestral forms not common to all members. This taxon is missing many species and the common ancestor, and is most incomplete.
Polyphyletic taxon
This taxon is one that excludes some species that share a common ancestor with the rest of the species of the group. This is usually missing an extant species but the common ancestor is still included.
Paraphyletic taxon
This is a BYPRODUCT of hydrogenosomes.
Hydrogen gas (H2)
These are the ONLY site of nitrogen fixation in the bacteria (the process of taking atmospheric nitrogen and converting it to an organic/usable form, like ammonia.) Neither plants nor animals can use nitrogen found in air, which is why these guys are so important!
Heterocysts
The process in taxonomy where various things (books, clouds, species, etc.) are identified
and grouped together into groups.
Classification
The field of biology concerned with the identification of the evolutionary relationships
among species through time.
Systematics
What are the taxonomic categories from most to least inclusive?
D-K-P-C-O-F-G-S
Similarities between two species that evolved independently from different features in their common ancestor, but adapt to the same environment.
Convergence
Very different structures, but used for similar function. (like bird wings and butterfly wings)
Analogous structures (bird and butterfly wings)
Very similar structures, but used for different functions. (like mammalian forelimbs in humans, cats, whales).
Homologous structures (forelimbs in humans and whales)
Similarity in appearance of two groups due to independent evolutionary change. They happen to look similarly by chance.
Homoplasy
An advanced trait or condition is lost and thus the organism reverts back to using a primitive trait.
Reversion
Living species
Extant
Fossil species
Extinct
This concept provides a way to determine which evolutionary tree minimizes the possible confusing effects of homoplasies. Simple explanations are preferred over complex explanations.
Parsimony
A specialized or derived trait
Apomorphy
A primitive or ancestral trait
Plesiomorphy
A derived trait that is unique to one group in a clade.
Autapomorphy
A derived trait shared by two or more groups in a clade.
Synapomorphy
A shared primitive trait.
Symplesiomorphy
A population whose members have the potential to interbreed with each other in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring, but who cannot produce offspring with members of other species.
Biological species concept
What are Whittaker’s five kingdom scheme?
Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
What are Woese’s three domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
A branch that consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants?
Clade
A species or group that is related to the various species of interest, but known to be less closely related than any study-group members are to each other.
Outgroup
