BIO 242 Chapter 26 Flashcards
What’s the study of the pattern and history of evolutionary descent of all of the taxa used in a classification of organisms?
Phylogeny
What is the field of biology that is involved in naming, describing and classifying organisms, including extant and extinct species?
Taxonomy
What is the hierarchical classification groups, from broad to specific?
Domain–>Kingdom–>Phylum–>Class–>Order–>Family–>Genus–>Species
What is the two-part name each species has?
Genus-specific epithet (Capitalized first and both italicized). Together the genus and specific epithet identify the species.
What are secondary taxonomic categories?
super-, sub-, infra- (superorder - order - suborder - infraorder - superfamily - family - subfamily - infrafamily)
Allopatric Speciation
Physical separation of two populations of a species that results in two distinct species where no gene flow occurs between them.
Sympatric Speciation
When a new species is formed within the range of the parent population and reproductive isolation occurs without geographic isolation.
This way of depicting a phylogenic tree is constructed from a series of dichotomies.
Cladogram
This type of phyletic evolution is the transformation of one entire species lineage over time into another
through time.
Anagenesis (less common)
Type of evolution that is the budding off of one or more new species from a parental species that continues to exist and which may coexist with the ‘daughter’
species for some time.
Cladogenesis (more common) also known as branching evolution or divergent evolution
This taxon includes the single ancestral species and all species descended from that ancestral species. This taxon is preferred.
Monophyletic taxon
This taxon is one where the members are derived from two or more ancestral forms not common to all members. This taxon is missing many species and the common ancestor, and is most incomplete.
Polyphyletic taxon
This taxon is one that excludes some species that share a common ancestor with the rest of the species of the group. This is usually missing an extant species but the common ancestor is still included.
Paraphyletic taxon
This is a BYPRODUCT of hydrogenosomes.
Hydrogen gas (H2)
These are the ONLY site of nitrogen fixation in the bacteria (the process of taking atmospheric nitrogen and converting it to an organic/usable form, like ammonia.) Neither plants nor animals can use nitrogen found in air, which is why these guys are so important!
Heterocysts