Chapter 12 Flashcards
One of the two alternating phases in the life cycle of plants and algae. It is a haploid multicellular organism that develops from a spore. The sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae.
Gametophyte
the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers.
Archegonium
the male sex organ of algae, mosses, ferns, fungi, and other nonflowering plants.
Antheridium
a specialized organ or cell in which gametes are formed in algae, ferns, and some other plants.
Gametangium
In moss and fern, it is the bearer of the sex organs (gametangia).
Gametophore
a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa.
Spore
a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
Gamete
an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. All plants, fungi, and many other lineages form this at some point in their life cycle.
Sporangium
a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage (the haploid phase) of the life cycle of mosses (aka first-thread). A mass of green filaments, one cell layer thick.
Protonema
Stem-like central stalk of moss gametophyte
Caulidium
Whorls of leaf-like _______ surround the caulidium.
Phyllidium
a filamentous outgrowth or root hair on the underside of the thallus in some lower plants, especially mosses and liverworts, serving both to anchor the plant and (in terrestrial forms) to conduct water
Rhizoid
a water-impervious protective layer covering the epidermal cells of leaves and other parts and limiting water loss.
Cuticle
tiny opening or pore that is used for gas exchange. They are mostly found on the under-surface of plant leaves.
Stoma (stomata)
The basal portion of an embryo, sporophyte, or spore-producing body, which is embedded in the parental tissue. It serves as an anchor and to absorb nutrients.
Foot
refers to the stalk supporting the capsule of a moss or liverwort, and supplying it with nutrients.
Seta
The sporophyte consists of three structures, a _____ which anchors it to the gametophyte and helps to transfer water and nutrients from the gametophyte, a long erect stalk called a _____, and a pod-like _____ at the end where spores are produced.
foot; seta; capsule
The swollen lower portion of an archegonium containing the egg
Venter
a long, vertical stem or connecting part of a plant
Stalk
The slender portion of the archegonium through which the male gamete has to travel to reach the female gamete prior to fertilization.
Neck
a sterile hairlike filament present among the reproductive organs in many lower plants, especially bryophytes, algae, and fungi.
Paraphysis
An informal group consisting of three groups of non-vascular plants: liverworts, hornworts, mosses
Bryophytes (mosses)
a fringe of small projections around the mouth of a capsule in mosses and certain fungi.
In mosses, it is a specialized structure in the sporangium that allows for gradual spore discharge, instead of releasing them all at once.
Peristome
Lid-like structure in some mosses that falls off the sporangium to allow the release of spores.
Operculum
A type of cell that is dark green in color and contain chloroplasts involved in photosynthesis
Chlorophyllous cells
Dead cells (light green to clear in color) that store water (usually larger cells). They have openings or pores to the outside
Hyaline cells
The outermost layer of cells covering the stem, root, leaf, flower, fruit, and seed parts of a plant. It and its waxy cuticle provide a protective barrier against mechanical injury, water loss, and infection.
Epidermis
tissue of unspecialized cells lying between the epidermis (surface cells) and the vascular, or conducting, tissues of stems and roots. They may contain stored carbohydrates or other substances such as resins, latex, essential oils, and tannins.
Cortex (aka: Cortical cells)
Two parts of Plant vascular system
- the vascular tissue in plants that conducts water and dissolved nutrients upward from the root and also helps to form the woody element in the stem.
- the vascular tissue in plants that conducts sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves to wherever it’s needed.
- Xylem
- Phloem
the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells, found in zones of the plant where growth can take place. These cells give rise to various organs of a plant and are responsible for growth. They go through mitosis.
Meristems
the gametophyte stage in the life of a fern
Prothallium
Label the Fern Life Cycle
a continuously growing horizontal underground stem which puts out lateral shoots and adventitious roots at intervals.
Rhizome
Label the parts of the fern leaf
a stem of a plant, especially a grass, bearing flower stalks at short intervals. Connects to the petiole. The “stem” part between leaf sections.
Rachis
the stalk that joins a leaf to a stem; leafstalk.
Petiole
Label the underside of the fern
the furled fronds of a young fern, harvested for use as a vegetable. Left on the plant, each would unroll into a new frond
Fiddlehead
the leaf or leaflike part of a palm, fern, or similar plant.
Frond
a leaf that bears sporangia
Sporophyll
part of a vascular plant normally underground. Its primary functions are anchorage of the plant, absorption of water and dissolved minerals and conduction of these to the stem, and storage of reserve foods.
Root
a cluster of spore-producing receptacles on the underside of a fern frond
Sorus (plural: sori)
a thin membranous covering, especially a shield covering a sorus on a fern frond.
Indusium
an arc or a ring of specialized cells on the sporangium. These cells are arranged in a single row, and are associated with the release or dispersal of spores.
Annulus
Label the developments in each
What similarities do the mosses (bryophyta) share with algae? (5x)
- Chlorophyll
- Starch as energy storage
- Cell walls made of glucose
- Motile sperm
- Require water for fertilization
What advances did the mosses (bryophyta) have over algae? (4x)
- Meristems: mitotically active tissues
- Nourishment of embryo by parent
- Multicellular sporangia that produce spores
- Multicellular gametangia that produce gametes
Identify each of the following
Which of the following parts of bryophyta produces sperm?
Antheridium
Which of the following parts of bryophyta contains eggs?
Archegonium
Label the parts of Bryophyta (mosses)
Which of the following is haploid/diploid (bryophyta)?
Zygote
Sperm
Bud
Young sporophyte
Spores
What similarities do ferns share with bryophyta?
Motile sperm
Require water for fertilization
Reproduce via spores
What advancements do ferns have over bryophyta?
Vascular tissue (xylem/phloem)
True roots, stems, and leaves
What develops in the fern life cycle after fertilization?
Young sporophyte
Pterophyta =
Ferns
Young sporophytes produce new leaves called ____?
Fronds
Mature sporophytes (ferns) produce ____?
Sori (singular: sorus): clusters of sporangia
Spores germinate to form new ____?
gametophyte
Bryophytes are _____ dominant, meaning that the more prominent, longer-lived plant is the haploid _____.
gametophyte; gametophyte
