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BIO Lab (Jaime and Travis) > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 basic types of bacteria shapes

A

Bacilli

cocci

Spiral

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2
Q

What basic shape of bacteria is this?

A

Bacilli

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3
Q

What basic shape of bacteria is this?

A

Cocci

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4
Q

What basic shape of bacteria is this?

A

Spirillum

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5
Q

What prefix signals a bacteria that characteristically forms long chains such as this?

A

Strepto-

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6
Q

What prefix signals bacteria that form clusters such as this?

A

Staphylo-

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7
Q

What prefix signals bacteria that are found as connected pairs such as this?

A

Diplo-

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8
Q

Streptococcus literally means?

A

a chain (strepto) of spherically-shaped (coccus) bacteria

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9
Q

The size of most bacteria?

A

1 - 2 µm

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10
Q

Type of bacteria capable of photosynthesis

A

autotroph

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11
Q

Type of organisms that lives inside organism

A

endosymbiont

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12
Q

Name given for cluster of organisms (i.e. bacteria) that descended from one cell

A

colony

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13
Q

The production of organic nitrogen compounds from inorganic, atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2)

A

nitrogen fixation

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14
Q

How do cyanobacteria do photosynthesis?

A

They do not have chloroplasts.

They have organized internal membranes that contain the same compounds involved in photosynthesis.

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15
Q

What technique is most commonly used to help classify and identify bacteria?

A

Gram stain

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16
Q

Gram stain can help identify these two distinct types of bacteria:

A

Gram-positive

Gram-negative

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17
Q

What compound is prominent in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria? This compound helps retain the crystal-violet dye from Gram staining.

A

peptidoglycan

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18
Q

Which type of bacterial (G-positive or G-negative) has an outer cell membrane made of phospholipids?

A

Gram-negative

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19
Q

What colors do Gram-positive and Gram-negative appear after staining?

A

Gram-positive: bluish-violet

Gram-negative: reddish or reddish-orange

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20
Q

Which type of bacteria (G-negative or G-positive) is usually more dangerous and why?

A

Gram-negative

The outer membrane of the cell wall can be toxic and prevent antibiotics from getting inside them

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21
Q

Is this Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria?

A

Gram positive

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22
Q

Is this Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria?

A

Gram-negative

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23
Q

Eukarya, the third domain of life, includes: (4x)

A

Protists

Plants

Fungi

Animals

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24
Q

General characteristics of protists (7x)

A

aquatic

most are parasites

eukaryotes

Unicellular or Multi-cellular

mitosis & meiosis

asexual & sexual reproduction

1.7 billion years of history

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25
Q

General Characteristics of Algae (5x)

A

Unicellular

Not an officially recognized taxonomy.

Live in a variety of habitats

Sexual & asexual reproduction

Often form resistant spore-like resting stages that can survive harsh environments.

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26
Q

General Characteristics of Dinoflagellates (7x)

A

Unicellular protists (type of algae)

aquatic

Some are endosymbiotes

Their cell wall appears as “armor”

Often have “arms” or “horns”

Produce toxins

Autotrophic or Heterotrophic (or Mixotrophic)

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27
Q

Identify this type of protist

A

Dinoflagellate

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28
Q

What is caused by dinoflagellate blooms and is deadly to fish and many other organisms in shallow marine environments?

A

Red tide

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29
Q

Term given to organisms capable of photosynthesis

A

Autotrophic

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30
Q

Term given to organisms not capable of photosynthesis, meaning they feed upon other organisms by predation or parasitism.

A

Heterotroph

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31
Q

Term given to organisms capable of both photosynthesis and feeding upon other organisms

A

Mixotrophy

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32
Q

Characteristics of Diatoms (5x)

A

Unicellular algae

Found in marine and freshwater habitats and moist soils

chlorophyll a & various xanthophyll pigments

Golden color

Hard, outer cell wall (made of silicon dioxide or glass and calcium carbonates)

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33
Q

Chlorophyta “Green Algae” characteristics (5x)

A

Green algae

Unicellular or Form colonies

Chlorophylls a & b

Store starches for food

Most live in freshwater habitats (some in soils)

Volvox: Produces lots of mobile sperm or one immobile egg. Sperm swim to eggs forming zygote to form zygospore. Zygospore is released when parent colony disintegrates in autumn. Meiosis occurs inside zygospore in Spring to produce spores than leave and produce new colonies.

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34
Q

Volvox life cycle

A

Produces lots of mobile sperm or one immobile egg.

Sperm swim to eggs forming zygote to form zygospore.

Zygospore is released when parent colony disintegrates in autumn.

Meiosis occurs inside zygospore in Spring to produce spores than leave and produce new “daughter” colonies.

35
Q

Spirogyra characteristics

A

Mucus-like pectin coating, similar to other green algae

Sexual reproduction via conjugation (uses conjugation tube) contents of (-) strain travel down tube to (+) strain

Forms isogamete

36
Q

What type of gamete cannot be distinguished from each other in any way?

A

Isogametes

37
Q

What is the largest of the protists in the Phaeophyta (brown algae)?

A

Kelps / Seaweeds

38
Q

A primitive, usually unicellular, often environmentally resistant dormant or reproductive body produced by plants, fungi, and some microorganisms and capable of development into a new individual either directly or after fusion with another

A

Spore

39
Q

The living, proteinaceous, layered structure which surrounds the cells in many types of protozoa. It is immediately below the cell membrane and surrounds the cytoplasm (it is not extra-cellular, like the cell wall in a plant)

A

Pellicle

40
Q

A ciliated channel found in certain protozoa and aquatic invertebrates down which food is directed into the mouth.

A

Oral groove

41
Q

Minute hairlike organelles, identical in structure to flagella, that line the surfaces of certain cells and beat in rhythmic waves, providing locomotion to ciliate protozoans and moving liquids along internal epithelial tissue in animals

A

Cilia

42
Q

A whip-like structure that allows a cell to move. They are found in all three domains of the living world: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota, also known as protists, plants, animals, and fungi.

A

Flagella

43
Q

A thick-walled spore of some algae and fungi that is formed by union of two similar sexual cells, usually serves as a resting spore, and produces the sporophytic phase.

A

Zygospore

44
Q

A form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar morphology (similar shape and size), differing only in allele expression in one or more mating-type regions. Because both gametes look alike, they cannot be classified as “male” or “female”.

A

Isogamete

45
Q

Sub-cellular micro-compartments found in chloroplasts of many algae, and in a single group of land plants, the hornworts.

Associated with the operation of a carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM).

A

Pyrenoids

46
Q

The sticky stem of the pistil of the female reproductive system in a plant. It is the portion of the ovary where pollen germinates and is essential for plant reproduction.

It sticky so it attracts and retains the pollen that falls upon it or is brought to it by pollinators.

A

Stigma

47
Q

Found only in algal and plant cells; is a cell organelle that produces energy through photosynthesis.

A

Chloroplast

48
Q

The appendage that connects two bacterial cells together during conjugation. The pilus is formed from the donor bacterial cell. It attaches to the surface of the recipient bacterial cell thereby bringing the two cells in contact with each other.

A

Conjugation tube

49
Q

A heavily pigmented region in certain one-celled organisms that apparently functions in light reception. The term is also applied to certain light-sensitive cells in the epidermis (skin) of some invertebrate animals (e.g., worms, starfishes).

A

Eyespots

50
Q

A specialized vacuole of eukaryote cells, especially protozoa, involved in osmoregulation, i.e. it allows the flow of water from the cytoplasm and then discharges this externally by the opening of a permanent narrow neck.

A

Contractile vacuole

51
Q

Involved in non-reproductive functions (as opposed to the smaller micronucleus), and is a distinctive feature among ciliates since it only occurs in this group.

A

Macronucleus

52
Q

the name given to the small nucleus that forms whenever a chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome is not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division. It usually is a sign of genotoxic events and chromosomal instability.

A

Micronucleus

53
Q

extensions of the cytoplasm, or the thick liquid that is inside organisms like amoeba. The organism can change the shape, making it move, appear, and disappear. Used in movement and as a tool to capture prey.

A

Pseudopodia

54
Q

The “cell mouth” is a part of a cell specialized for phagocytosis, usually in the form of a microtubule-supported funnel or groove.

A

Cytostome

55
Q

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane (PM) or cytoplasmic membrane

A

Plasmalemma

56
Q

a kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria. … the fully grown parent cell splits into two halves, producing two new cells.

A

Binary fission

57
Q

the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact.

A

Conjugation

58
Q

In some parasitic flagellates such as trypanosomes and trichomonads; a fin-like extension usually associated with the flagellum; enhances motility of the parasite in a viscous fluid, such as blood.

A

Undulating membrane

59
Q

a motile spore-like stage in the life cycle of some parasitic sporozoans (e.g. the malaria organism), that is typically the infective agent introduced into a host.

A

Sporozoite

60
Q

a general term for the active, feeding, multiplying stage of most protozoa.

A

Trophozoites

61
Q

The motile zygote of a parasite of the malaria mosquito.

A

ookinete

62
Q

a cell that divides (by meiosis) to form gametes.

A

Gametocyte

63
Q

a gamete indistinguishable in form or size or behavior from another gamete with which it can unite to form a zygote.

A

Isogamete

64
Q

consisting of a single cell.

A

unicellular

65
Q

a cell of a bacterium or unicellular alga that is actively growing rather than forming spores

A

Vegetative cell

66
Q

refers to a life-style or habit where members of the same species live together.

A

Colony

67
Q

a discoloration of seawater caused by a bloom of toxic red dinoflagellates.

A

Red Tide

68
Q

disease caused by infection with the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or the closely related subspecies T. brucei rhodesiense, transmitted by the tsetse fly (genus Glossina).

A

Sleeping sickness

69
Q

an infection caused by any of the amobae of the Entamoeba group. Symptoms are most common during infection by Entamoeba histolytica. Amoebiasis can be present with no, mild, or severe symptoms. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, or bloody diarrhea.

A

Amebic dysentery

70
Q

an intermittent and remittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions.

A

Malaria

71
Q

serves only as a site wherein the parasite spends a particular developmental stage of its life cycle (i.e. larval stage).

A

Intermediate host

72
Q

The host at which the parasite spends its final developmental stage, and reaches its mature form.

A

Definitive host

73
Q

“inside the cell”

A

Intracellular

74
Q

“outside the cell”

A

extracellular

75
Q

A stalk, especially of fungal fruiting bodies or of large brown algae.

A

Stipe

76
Q

a root-like structure that anchors aquatic sessile organisms, such as seaweed, other sessile algae, stalked crinoids, benthic cnidarians, and sponges, to the substrate.

A

Holdfast

77
Q

A part of algae that regulates buoyancy and may play a part in respiration.

A

Floats (air bladder)

78
Q

A group of cytoskeletal structures and associated membrane-bounded organelles found at the anterior end of adult obligate intracellular protozoan parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa.

Involved in attachment to and penetration of the host cell, and in parasite proliferation.

A

Aplical complex

79
Q

One of the two alternating phases in the life cycle of plants and algae. It is a haploid multicellular organism that develops from a haploid spore that has one set of chromosomes. The sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae.

A

Gametophyte

80
Q

the male sex organ of algae, mosses, ferns, fungi, and other nonflowering plants.

A

Antheridia

81
Q

the female sex organ of certain algae and fungi, typically a rounded cell or sac containing one or more oospheres.

A

Oogonia

82
Q

the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga. It develops from the zygote produced when a haploid egg cell is fertilized by a haploid sperm.

A

Sporophyte

83
Q

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

A

Haploid

84
Q

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

A

Diploid

BIO Lab (Jaime and Travis) (23 decks)

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