Chapter 11 Flashcards
3 basic types of bacteria shapes
Bacilli
cocci
Spiral
What basic shape of bacteria is this?
Bacilli
What basic shape of bacteria is this?
Cocci
What basic shape of bacteria is this?
Spirillum
What prefix signals a bacteria that characteristically forms long chains such as this?
Strepto-
What prefix signals bacteria that form clusters such as this?
Staphylo-
What prefix signals bacteria that are found as connected pairs such as this?
Diplo-
Streptococcus literally means?
a chain (strepto) of spherically-shaped (coccus) bacteria
The size of most bacteria?
1 - 2 µm
Type of bacteria capable of photosynthesis
autotroph
Type of organisms that lives inside organism
endosymbiont
Name given for cluster of organisms (i.e. bacteria) that descended from one cell
colony
The production of organic nitrogen compounds from inorganic, atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2)
nitrogen fixation
How do cyanobacteria do photosynthesis?
They do not have chloroplasts.
They have organized internal membranes that contain the same compounds involved in photosynthesis.
What technique is most commonly used to help classify and identify bacteria?
Gram stain
Gram stain can help identify these two distinct types of bacteria:
Gram-positive
Gram-negative
What compound is prominent in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria? This compound helps retain the crystal-violet dye from Gram staining.
peptidoglycan
Which type of bacterial (G-positive or G-negative) has an outer cell membrane made of phospholipids?
Gram-negative
What colors do Gram-positive and Gram-negative appear after staining?
Gram-positive: bluish-violet
Gram-negative: reddish or reddish-orange
Which type of bacteria (G-negative or G-positive) is usually more dangerous and why?
Gram-negative
The outer membrane of the cell wall can be toxic and prevent antibiotics from getting inside them
Is this Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria?
Gram positive
Is this Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria?
Gram-negative
Eukarya, the third domain of life, includes: (4x)
Protists
Plants
Fungi
Animals
General characteristics of protists (7x)
aquatic
most are parasites
eukaryotes
Unicellular or Multi-cellular
mitosis & meiosis
asexual & sexual reproduction
1.7 billion years of history
General Characteristics of Algae (5x)
Unicellular
Not an officially recognized taxonomy.
Live in a variety of habitats
Sexual & asexual reproduction
Often form resistant spore-like resting stages that can survive harsh environments.
General Characteristics of Dinoflagellates (7x)
Unicellular protists (type of algae)
aquatic
Some are endosymbiotes
Their cell wall appears as “armor”
Often have “arms” or “horns”
Produce toxins
Autotrophic or Heterotrophic (or Mixotrophic)
Identify this type of protist
Dinoflagellate
What is caused by dinoflagellate blooms and is deadly to fish and many other organisms in shallow marine environments?
Red tide
Term given to organisms capable of photosynthesis
Autotrophic
Term given to organisms not capable of photosynthesis, meaning they feed upon other organisms by predation or parasitism.
Heterotroph
Term given to organisms capable of both photosynthesis and feeding upon other organisms
Mixotrophy
Characteristics of Diatoms (5x)
Unicellular algae
Found in marine and freshwater habitats and moist soils
chlorophyll a & various xanthophyll pigments
Golden color
Hard, outer cell wall (made of silicon dioxide or glass and calcium carbonates)
Chlorophyta “Green Algae” characteristics (5x)
Green algae
Unicellular or Form colonies
Chlorophylls a & b
Store starches for food
Most live in freshwater habitats (some in soils)
Volvox: Produces lots of mobile sperm or one immobile egg. Sperm swim to eggs forming zygote to form zygospore. Zygospore is released when parent colony disintegrates in autumn. Meiosis occurs inside zygospore in Spring to produce spores than leave and produce new colonies.
Volvox life cycle
Produces lots of mobile sperm or one immobile egg.
Sperm swim to eggs forming zygote to form zygospore.
Zygospore is released when parent colony disintegrates in autumn.
Meiosis occurs inside zygospore in Spring to produce spores than leave and produce new “daughter” colonies.
Spirogyra characteristics
Mucus-like pectin coating, similar to other green algae
Sexual reproduction via conjugation (uses conjugation tube) contents of (-) strain travel down tube to (+) strain
Forms isogamete
What type of gamete cannot be distinguished from each other in any way?
Isogametes
What is the largest of the protists in the Phaeophyta (brown algae)?
Kelps / Seaweeds
A primitive, usually unicellular, often environmentally resistant dormant or reproductive body produced by plants, fungi, and some microorganisms and capable of development into a new individual either directly or after fusion with another
Spore
The living, proteinaceous, layered structure which surrounds the cells in many types of protozoa. It is immediately below the cell membrane and surrounds the cytoplasm (it is not extra-cellular, like the cell wall in a plant)
Pellicle
A ciliated channel found in certain protozoa and aquatic invertebrates down which food is directed into the mouth.
Oral groove
Minute hairlike organelles, identical in structure to flagella, that line the surfaces of certain cells and beat in rhythmic waves, providing locomotion to ciliate protozoans and moving liquids along internal epithelial tissue in animals
Cilia
A whip-like structure that allows a cell to move. They are found in all three domains of the living world: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota, also known as protists, plants, animals, and fungi.
Flagella
A thick-walled spore of some algae and fungi that is formed by union of two similar sexual cells, usually serves as a resting spore, and produces the sporophytic phase.
Zygospore
A form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of similar morphology (similar shape and size), differing only in allele expression in one or more mating-type regions. Because both gametes look alike, they cannot be classified as “male” or “female”.
Isogamete
Sub-cellular micro-compartments found in chloroplasts of many algae, and in a single group of land plants, the hornworts.
Associated with the operation of a carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM).
Pyrenoids
The sticky stem of the pistil of the female reproductive system in a plant. It is the portion of the ovary where pollen germinates and is essential for plant reproduction.
It sticky so it attracts and retains the pollen that falls upon it or is brought to it by pollinators.
Stigma
Found only in algal and plant cells; is a cell organelle that produces energy through photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
The appendage that connects two bacterial cells together during conjugation. The pilus is formed from the donor bacterial cell. It attaches to the surface of the recipient bacterial cell thereby bringing the two cells in contact with each other.
Conjugation tube
A heavily pigmented region in certain one-celled organisms that apparently functions in light reception. The term is also applied to certain light-sensitive cells in the epidermis (skin) of some invertebrate animals (e.g., worms, starfishes).
Eyespots
A specialized vacuole of eukaryote cells, especially protozoa, involved in osmoregulation, i.e. it allows the flow of water from the cytoplasm and then discharges this externally by the opening of a permanent narrow neck.
Contractile vacuole
Involved in non-reproductive functions (as opposed to the smaller micronucleus), and is a distinctive feature among ciliates since it only occurs in this group.
Macronucleus
the name given to the small nucleus that forms whenever a chromosome or a fragment of a chromosome is not incorporated into one of the daughter nuclei during cell division. It usually is a sign of genotoxic events and chromosomal instability.
Micronucleus
extensions of the cytoplasm, or the thick liquid that is inside organisms like amoeba. The organism can change the shape, making it move, appear, and disappear. Used in movement and as a tool to capture prey.
Pseudopodia
The “cell mouth” is a part of a cell specialized for phagocytosis, usually in the form of a microtubule-supported funnel or groove.
Cytostome
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane (PM) or cytoplasmic membrane
Plasmalemma
a kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria. … the fully grown parent cell splits into two halves, producing two new cells.
Binary fission
the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact.
Conjugation
In some parasitic flagellates such as trypanosomes and trichomonads; a fin-like extension usually associated with the flagellum; enhances motility of the parasite in a viscous fluid, such as blood.
Undulating membrane
a motile spore-like stage in the life cycle of some parasitic sporozoans (e.g. the malaria organism), that is typically the infective agent introduced into a host.
Sporozoite
a general term for the active, feeding, multiplying stage of most protozoa.
Trophozoites
The motile zygote of a parasite of the malaria mosquito.
ookinete
a cell that divides (by meiosis) to form gametes.
Gametocyte
a gamete indistinguishable in form or size or behavior from another gamete with which it can unite to form a zygote.
Isogamete
consisting of a single cell.
unicellular
a cell of a bacterium or unicellular alga that is actively growing rather than forming spores
Vegetative cell
refers to a life-style or habit where members of the same species live together.
Colony
a discoloration of seawater caused by a bloom of toxic red dinoflagellates.
Red Tide
disease caused by infection with the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or the closely related subspecies T. brucei rhodesiense, transmitted by the tsetse fly (genus Glossina).
Sleeping sickness
an infection caused by any of the amobae of the Entamoeba group. Symptoms are most common during infection by Entamoeba histolytica. Amoebiasis can be present with no, mild, or severe symptoms. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, or bloody diarrhea.
Amebic dysentery
an intermittent and remittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells. The parasite is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions.
Malaria
serves only as a site wherein the parasite spends a particular developmental stage of its life cycle (i.e. larval stage).
Intermediate host
The host at which the parasite spends its final developmental stage, and reaches its mature form.
Definitive host
“inside the cell”
Intracellular
“outside the cell”
extracellular
A stalk, especially of fungal fruiting bodies or of large brown algae.
Stipe
a root-like structure that anchors aquatic sessile organisms, such as seaweed, other sessile algae, stalked crinoids, benthic cnidarians, and sponges, to the substrate.
Holdfast
A part of algae that regulates buoyancy and may play a part in respiration.
Floats (air bladder)
A group of cytoskeletal structures and associated membrane-bounded organelles found at the anterior end of adult obligate intracellular protozoan parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa.
Involved in attachment to and penetration of the host cell, and in parasite proliferation.
Aplical complex
One of the two alternating phases in the life cycle of plants and algae. It is a haploid multicellular organism that develops from a haploid spore that has one set of chromosomes. The sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae.
Gametophyte
the male sex organ of algae, mosses, ferns, fungi, and other nonflowering plants.
Antheridia
the female sex organ of certain algae and fungi, typically a rounded cell or sac containing one or more oospheres.
Oogonia
the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga. It develops from the zygote produced when a haploid egg cell is fertilized by a haploid sperm.
Sporophyte
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
Haploid
containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
Diploid
