Chapter 14

Question 1

How do guard cells act around the stomata?

Answer 1

When turgid they swell and open. When flaccid they relax and close.

Question 2

Where does secondary (lateral) growth come from?

Answer 2

Vascular cambium. Production of secondary xylem on inside and secondary phloem on outside of the vascular cambium ring cells.

Question 3

What is included in bark?

Answer 3

All tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork.

Question 4

How does wood form?

Answer 4

As secondary growth continues over the years, layer upon layer of secondary xylem accumulates.

Question 5

What is lignin?

Answer 5

Coating of xylem that gives wood its hardness and protection.

Question 6

What are the two zones of secondary xylem?

Answer 6

Heartwood (doesn’t conduct water but is central column that supports tree) and Sapwood (upward transport of water and minerals by xylem sap)

Question 7

What are the 3 basic kinds of plant organs?

Answer 7

Roots (underground) and stems and leaves (shoots above ground)

Question 8

What’s the importance of roots and shoots (stems/leaves) systems?

Answer 8

Roots are underground and is where plants get water and nutrients. Shoots are above ground and is where the plant gets CO2 and light energy.

Question 9

What is apical dominance?

Answer 9

It causes the plant to grow taller at the apical bud instead of wider to increase the plant’s exposure to sunlight.

Question 10

What are key differences between monocots and eudicots?

Answer 10

1) Monocots have fibrous roots; eudicots have a taproot system 2) Monocots have one cotyledon; Eudicots have two (first leaves that come out of the embryo) 3) Monocots have parallel veins on leaves; Eudicots have netlike veins 4) Monocots have vascular bundles on stems are scattered; Eudicots bundles are in a ring 5) Monocots have one pollen grain opening; Eudicots have three 6) Monocots petal # divisible by 3; Eudicot petal # divisible by 4 or 5

Question 11

Root hairs are extensions of what?

Answer 11

Individual epidermal cells

Question 12

What are stolons?

Answer 12

Runners or above ground horizontal stems

Question 13

What are rhizomes?

Answer 13

Horizontal underground stems

Question 14

What are tubers?

Answer 14

The ends of rhizomes

Question 15

Apical meristems

Answer 15

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots that provide for vertical growth.

Question 16

Stomata

Answer 16

Pores on leaves and organs that allow exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Also major sites for water to leave during evaporation.

Question 17

Cuticle

Answer 17

Waxed coating on leaves to prevent water loss and act as protection.

Question 18

Xylem

Answer 18

Vascular tissue from dead cells that flows up to carry water and minerals from high pressure at bottom to low pressure at top during evapotranspiration.

Question 19

Phloem

Answer 19

Consists of sieve tubes and companion cells that are alive and transport sugar from sugar source to sugar sink.

Question 20

Why are tracheids, fiber cells, and vessel elements important?

Answer 20

Support and water transport

Question 21

What are the three basic types of cells in nonmeristematic tissues?

Answer 21

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

Question 22

Are parenchyma cells living or dead? Have primary walls or secondary walls?

Answer 22

Living, with thin and flexible primary walls.

Question 23

What’s the movement of sugars through sieve-tube members by active transport?

Answer 23

Translocation

Question 24

When the leaf stomata used for gas exchange, including water vapor and that creates a pressure gradient which pulls in more water.

Answer 24

Transpiration

Question 25

Are collenchyma living or dead? Have primary walls or secondary walls?

Answer 25

Living, with unevenly thickened primary cell walls

Question 26

Are schlerenchyma cells living or dead? Have primary walls or secondary walls?

Answer 26

Dead, with primary and thickened secondary cell walls strengthened by lignin

Question 27

Vessel elements and tracheids in the xylem that function for both support and transport are what kind of cells?

Answer 27

Schlerenchyma

Question 28

What are the three types of primary meristems? P-P-G

Answer 28

Protoderm, Procambium, Ground meristem

Question 29

What primary meristem produces the outer epidermis to stems and roots?

Answer 29

Protoderm

Question 30

What type of primary meristem produces the vascular tissues in stems and roots?

Answer 30

Procambium

Question 31

What type of primary meristems produce the ground tissues of stems and roots?

Answer 31

Ground meristems

Question 32

What is responsible for the secondary (outward) growth in plants?

Answer 32

Lateral meristems

Question 33

Other than meristematic tissue, plant organs are compose of what three basic kinds of NON-meristematic tissue?

Answer 33

Dermal tissue, Vascular tissue, Ground tissue

Question 34

How can plants respond to the loss of various parts due to disease, weather, or predators?

Answer 34

They regrow the parts because they are modular organisms that have indeterminate growth.

Question 35

In stems, what does the cork and cork cambium form?

Answer 35

Periderm

Question 36

The vascular cambium and cork cambium are what type of meristems?

Answer 36

Lateral meristems

Question 37

Layers upon layers of scondary xylem form over time and harden to produce what tough tissue?

Answer 37

Wood

Question 38

What produces cork cells and secondary cortex cells?

Answer 38

Cork cambium

Question 39

What does the periderm along with the secondary phloem form?

Answer 39

Bark

Question 40

What cells have large amounts of waxy materials that act as a physical barrier to damage in trees?

Answer 40

Cork

Question 41

What's the outer skin of the plant?

Answer 41

Epidermis

Question 42

What waxy substance forms the cuticle, which helps the shoot system retain water?

Answer 42

Cutin

Question 43

What is the portion of the stem from which leaves and buds and branches arise?

Answer 43

Nodes

Question 44

What is the portion of the stem that lies between two nodes?

Answer 44

Internode

Question 45

What are slightly raised circular or elongated slit-like structures on the bark of young woody twigs that function in gas exchange?

Answer 45

Lenticels

Question 46

These types of sclerenchyma cells are specialized entirely for support.

Answer 46

Fibers and sclereids

Question 47

These cells assist sieve-tube members in maintaining cell metabolism and function.

Answer 47

Companion cells

Question 48

Xylem and Phloem. Living or dead?

Answer 48

Xylem are dead cells and Phloem are living cells

Question 49

What cells make up a phloem tube and are attached to companion cells?

Answer 49

Sieve-tube members

Question 51

\_\_\_\_\_ are long, thin xylem cells with tapered ends; _____ are generally wider, shorter, thinner-walled and less tapered xylem cells.

Answer 51

Tracheids; Vessel elements

Question 52

These cells are produced from the vascular cambium as complete rings or cylinders of conducting tissue.

Answer 52

Secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Question 53

Buds found at the tips of stems

Answer 53

Apical (terminal) buds

Question 54

Buds found in the axils of leaves at the nodes

Answer 54

Axillary (lateral) buds

Question 55

What consists of the primary xylem, primary phloem, and vascular cambium?

Answer 55

Vascular tissue

Question 56

Multi-layered, complex tissue that originates from the ground meristem.

Answer 56

Cortex

Question 57

Annual rings of the xylem are composed of this

Answer 57

Spring wood and summer wood

Question 58

Small hairs extending from the epidermis that function for water absorption, defense, or light reflection

Answer 58

Trichomes

Question 59

Lighter streaks of parenchyma cells radiating outward fromthe center of the trunk, across the annual rings. They allow the lateral conduction of water and nutrients across the stem.

Answer 59

Rays

Question 60

Stems consisting of a collection of modified leaves surrounding a short stem, like that of the onion

Answer 60

Bulbs

Question 61

The thin, flattened, photosynthetic part of the leaf

Answer 61

Blade

Question 62

The stem-like stalk of a leaf that attaches the blade to the node

Answer 62

Petiole

Question 63

Where one or more layers of elongated photosynthetic parenchyma cells lie adjacent to the epidermis on the top part of the leaf

Answer 63

Palisade mesophyll (parenchyma)

Question 64

The loosely organized photosynthetic parenchyma cells between the palisade mesophyll and the epidermis on the bottom part of the leaf

Answer 64

Spongy mesophyll (parenchyma)

Question 65

The process of leaf shedding that deciduous plants go through

Answer 65

Abscission

Question 66

The first of the vegetative organs to emerge from the germinating seed

Answer 66

primary root

Question 67

Root system with large primary root and many smaller lateral roots

Answer 67

tap root

Question 68

Root system with no distinct tap root

Answer 68

Fibrous

Question 69

The innermost layer of cortex cells characterized by Casparian strips on their transverse and radial walls

Answer 69

endodermis

Question 70

Area of cell wall that has been secondarily thickened with lignin and waterproofed with suberin

Answer 70

Casparian strip

Question 71

Waxy material impervious to water and dissolved minerals that waterproofs the Casparian strip

Answer 71

suberin

Question 72

Layer of cells derived from the procambium that are just inside the endodermis. They're relatively unspecialized parenchyma cells that retain a potential to undergo cell division.

Answer 72

pericycle

Question 73

Central region consisting of parenchyma cells in monocot roots

Answer 73

pith

Question 74

The central part of the root that includes all tissues inside the cortex, including the pith in monocots

Answer 74

stele

Question 75

The outermost layer of cortex cells

Answer 75

hypodermis (exodermis)

Question 76

Underground stems used for food storage

Answer 76

corms

Question 77

Porous end walls between cells along the length of the sieve tube, allowing unimpeded movement from one cell to the next

Answer 77

sieve plates