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BIO Lab (Jaime and Travis) > BIO 242 Chapter 29 + 30 > Flashcards

BIO 242 Chapter 29 + 30 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are unique characteristics that distinguish plants from other organisms?

A

Plants are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs with sporic life cycles. They have cell walls made of cellulose and chlorophyll a and b in chloroplasts.

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2
Q

What problems did land plants face when coming onto land?

A
  • Water scarcity
  • Support: water provided support against gravity
  • Exposure to UV light
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3
Q

What characteristics do plants share with charophytes (green algae)?

A
  • cellulose synthesizing complexes
  • presence of peroxisomes
  • flagellated sperm cells
  • certain details of cell division
  • form and function of chloroplasts
  • presence of plasmodesmata
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4
Q

Apical meristems

A

Localized regions of cell division at the tips of shoots and roots that provide for vertical growth.

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5
Q

Sporangia

A

Multicellular organs found on the sporophyte where spores are produced.

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6
Q

Gametangia

A

Multicellular organs found on gametophytes in bryophytes, monilophytes, and gymnosperms where gametes are produced.

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7
Q

Sporophyte

A

Multicellular body produced by diploid zygote mitosis. They are diploid and go through meiosis to produce haploid spores.

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8
Q

Gametophyte

A

Multicellular body composed of haploid cells. They produce gametes.

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9
Q

Spore mother cells

A

Diploid cells within sporangium that undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores.

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10
Q

Archegonia

A

A female gametangium that produces a single egg cell in a vase-shaped organ.

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11
Q

Antheridia

A

A male gametania that produces many sperm cells that are released to the environment.

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12
Q

Embryo

A

What the zygote begins development into after fertilization.

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13
Q

Stomata

A

Pores on leaves and organs that allow exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Also major sites for water to leave during evaporation.

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14
Q

Cuticle

A

Waxed coating on leaves to prevent water loss and act as protection.

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15
Q

Xylem

A

Vascular tissue from dead cells that flows up to carry water and minerals from high pressure at bottom to low pressure at top during evapotranspiration.

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16
Q

Phloem

A

Consists of sieve tubes and companion cells that are alive and transport sugar from sugar source to sugar sink.

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17
Q

Diagram a generalized plant life cycle. Show sporophytes/gametophytes, haploid/diploid, meiosis/mitosis.

A

Can I do?

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18
Q

What process is 2n -> 2n and n->n

A

Mitosis

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19
Q

What process is 2n->n

A

Meiosis

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20
Q

What are plant secondary compounds and what are they used for?

A

Unique molecules that plants produce to provide protection against harmful UV radiation, predators, and microbes. Some can be used for medicinal purposes. (quinine for malaria)

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21
Q

What are the 5 major extant groups of land plants? (GLAMB)

A

1) Gymnosperms (naked seed plants)
2) Lycophytes (club mosses. Most ancient seedless vascular plants)
3) Angiosperms (flowering plants)
4) Monilophytes (seedless vascular plants. ferns)
5) Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)

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22
Q

Pteridophytes

A

A paraphyletic clade containing seedless vascular plants (L,M)

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23
Q

Tracheophyta

A

Clade containing vascular tissue (seedless L,M and seeded G,A)

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24
Q

What land plant group are flowering seed plants with vascular tissue?

A

Angiosperms

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25
Q

What land plant group are naked seed plants with vascular tissue?

A

Gymnosperms

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26
Q

What land plant group are seedless vascular plants that include ferns?

A

Monilophytes

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27
Q

What land plant group are seedless vascular plants that include club mosses?

A

Lycophytes

28
Q

What land plant group are NON-vascular and contain mosses, liverworts, and hornworts?

A

Bryophytes

29
Q

What adaptation did Bryophytes make to move on land?

A

Offspring develop from multicellular embryos that remain attached to the parent plant for protection and nourishment.

30
Q

Which generation is dominant in the life cycle of bryophytes?

A

The gametophyte is dominant.

31
Q

How are bryophytes still tied to water?

A

Because they have no vascular tissue or roots, bryophytes must reside in moist areas near water because their cells can take up water.

32
Q

Diagram the life cycle of moss

A

Can I do?

33
Q

What are rhizoids?

A

Root-like tubular filaments of cells that anchor bryophytes

34
Q

What does a byrophyte gametophyte look like?

A

A stem-like central stalk of the moss called the caulidium with whorls of leaf-like phyllidia.

35
Q

What is the gametophore?

A

The caulidium that bears the gametangia (archegonia and antheridia) that produce eggs and sperm.

36
Q

Are caulidia and phyllidia in mosses true stems and leaves?

A

No, because they lack the lignin-coated vascular cells of xylem.

37
Q

What’s the relationship of sporophytes and gametophytes in bryophytes?

A

Sporophytes are dependent on gametophytes for nourishment and protection.

38
Q

Describe the moss sporophyte.

A

Moss sporophytes have a foot that connected to the female gametophyte where it gathers nutrients and water. It has a seta (stalk) that conducts nutrients to the capsule (sporangium).

39
Q

What’s the relationship of the calyptra and peristome on the moss sporophyte?

A

When immature, the capsule is covered by calyptra, which is lost when the capsule is ready to release spores. At which time the peristome, upper part of the capsule, specializes in gradual spore release.

40
Q

Compare homosporous and heterosporous

A

Homosporous produces one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophye containing archegonia and antheridia (most ferns are homo). Heterosporous sporophytes produce two kinds of spores- one female and one male.

41
Q

Compare megaspores and microspores.

A

Megaspores develop into female gametophytes and microspores develop into male gametophytes.

42
Q

Diagram the fern life cycle

A

Can I do?

43
Q

In vascular plants (GLAM), which is more dominant?

A

The sporophyte is dominant in the life cycle.

44
Q

What are four key differences between mosses and ferns?

A

1) Mosses are nonvascular and ferns are vascular
2) Gametophyte is dominant in mosses and sporophyte is dominant in ferns
3) Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte for nutrition in mosses, but the gametophyte is independent and below ground in ferns
4) Mosses are short and ferns are taller

45
Q

Which of the plant groups are homosporous?

A

Monilophytes, Lycophytes, Bryophytes

46
Q

Which of the plant groups are heterosporous?

A

Gymnosperms & Angiosperms (seeded plants)

47
Q

What’s the basic structure of a fern?

A

Fern sporophytes have rhizomes (underground horizontal stems with roots) from which large leaves (fronds) grow. The fronds unfurl from a tightly coiled fiddlehead. The fronds of a mature sporophyte fern produce sori (sporangia clusters).

48
Q

How do fern sperm from antheridia get to the archegonia egg for fertilization?

A

They swim through water. That’s why ferns need to be in moist environments

49
Q

What adaptations have seed plants made to thrive on land?

A

1) Reduction of the gameophyte
2) Evolution of the seed
3) Evolution of pollen

50
Q

How do spores and seeds differ?

A

Spores are unicellular. Seeds are multicellular containing a sporophyte embryo packaged with a food supply within a protective coat.

51
Q

What is the difference in dominance between bryophytes, seedless plants, and seed plants?

A

In bryophytes, the gametophyte is dominant and the sporophyte relies on the gametophyte for nutrition. In seed plants, the sporophyte is dominant and the gametophye relies on the sporophyte for nutrition. In seedless plants, the sporophyte and gametophyte are independent of each other.

52
Q

What are the two major extant clades of seed plants?

A

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

53
Q

What is the tough coat that covers pollen grains?

A

Sporopollenin

54
Q

Go from ovule to seed for pine seed plants

A

Unfertilized ovule covered by integument contains megasporangium (2n) that produces megaspore (n) ->male gametophyte (n) in pollen grain enters ovule thru micropyle opening ->fertilized egg develops into new diploid sporophyte embryo (2n), megasporangium (n) becomes food supply, micropyle closes, and integument becomes seed coat

55
Q

In pines, larger ____ cones consist of many scales, each with two ovules that produce megaspores and smaller ____ cones contain hundreds of microsporangia held on small scalelike sporophylls that produce microspores.

A

ovulate: pollen

56
Q

How do the sperm in ferns and seed plants differ?

A

In seed plants, sperm do not have flagella and do NOT swim to the egg.

57
Q

Is pollination and fertilization the same?

A

No. Pollination is when windblown pollen falls on the ovulate cone and is drawn into the ovule through the micropyle. Fertilization is sperm and egg creating a zygote.

58
Q

How are evergreen conifers different from deciduous conifers?

A

Evergreens retain their leaves and photosynthesizing throughout the year. Deciduous drops their leaves in autumn.

59
Q

How are the needle-shaped leaves of pines and firs adapted to dry conditions?

A

Cuticle that covers the leaves and stomata in pits that limit water loss.

60
Q

How has flowers enhanced its reproductive efficiency?

A

Double fertilization where one sperm fertilizes the egg to produce a zygote and the other fuses with two haploid nuclei to form a triploid cell that will produce the endosperm.

61
Q

What are the four kinds of floral organs? SSPC

A

Sepals, stamens, petals, carpels

62
Q

Identify the parts of a flower

A

Can I do?

63
Q

Why are tracheids, fiber cells, and vessel elements important?

A

Support and water transport

64
Q

What is fruit and how do they disperse seeds?

A

Fruits are mature ovaries that disperse seeds via wind (dandelions and maples) or via animals in feces.

65
Q

How does the food supply for a gymnosperm and angiosperm differ?

A

Gymnosperm food supply comes from haploid (n) female gametophyte tissue in the seed. Angiosperm food supply comes from triploid (3n) endosperm from double fertilization.

BIO Lab (Jaime and Travis) (23 decks)

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