BIO 242 Chapter 28 Flashcards
This eukaryote supergroup contains diplomonadida, parabasalids, and euglenozoans.
Excavata
This eukaryote supergroup has been proposed due to DNA similarity and the common ancestor engulfed a single-celled red alga through endosymbiosis. (Includes dinoflagellates and apicomplexans)
Stramenopila, Alveolata, Rhizaria (SAR)
This eukaryote supergroup is proposed due to DNA evidence descended from a common ancestor that engulfed a cyanobacterium. Includes rhodophyta, chlorophyta.
Archaeplastida
This eukaryote supergroup contains animals and fungi and have mitochondria. Includes opisthokonts and amoebozoans.
Unikonta
Contrast prokaryote and eukaryote cell size.
Pro - small (.1 - 10 microns)
Euk - large (10 - 100 microns)
Contrast prokaryote and eukaryote DNA and chromosomes.
Pro - no histones, simple and circular, in nucleoid region.
Euk - histones, linear DNA on several chromosomes, in nucleus region within nuclear envelope.
Contrast prokaryote and eukaryote metabolism
Pro - no mitochondria or chloroplasts, done in cytoplasm
Euk - Occurs in mito and chloroplasts
Contrast prokaryote and eukaryote intracellular movement.
Pro - none
Euk - mitotic movement of chromosomes and via cytoskeleton
Contrast prokaryote and eukaryote flagella, cilia, cell walls
Pro - no ‘9 pairs plus 2’ pattern of microtubules, cell wall of disaccharide polymers
Euk - ‘9 pair + 2’ pattern of microtubules, no cell wall dissacharide polymer
This eukaryotic life cycle is observed in some algae and fungi. It results from the fusion of two haploid gametes in mitosis.
Zigotic life cycle
This eukaryotic life cycle is observed in humans and all other animals. It results from haploid gametes that fuse together.
Gametic life cycle
This eukaryotic life cycle happens in multicellular plants and show a regular alternation of generations, where there is a multicellular haploid adult stage that alternates with a multicellular diploid adult stage (sporophyte).
Sporic life cycle
The process where multiple fission is preceded by the fusion of gametes, seen in some apicomplexans.
Sporogony
When protists form gametes that are all alike and the same size.
Isogamy
When protists form gametes that are of two different sizes.
Anisogamy
How protists move.
Flagella (9+2 microtubules) and cilia
What pseudopodia thickens into a gel state that contains no organelles at the leading end to move.
Ectoplasm
The more soluble part that flows toward the end of pseudopodia to convert to ectoplasm for locomotion.
Endoplasm
These species use light energy.
Phototrophs
These species require at least one organic nutrient as a carbon source.
Heterotroph
Protists that consume whole organisms.
Holozoic (phagotrophs)
Protists that feed on food in fluid form.
Saprozoic (osmotrophs)
The distinct site where food vacuoles form in ciliates and flagellates.
Cytostome
Cell anus where waste vacuoles attach and materials are expelled by exocytosis.
Cytoproct
Ciliates can discharge these at potential predators or use these to capture food.
Trichocysts
Some freshwater species use these along with ATP to get rid of excess water.
Contractile vacuoles
When multiple fission forms many daughter cells are formed.
Schizogony
Amoebozoans use these large lobe-shaped structures for movement.
Pseudopodia
These few protists combine photsynthesis with heterotrophic modes of nutrition.
Mixotrophs