Blood Cell Immunology

Question 1

what stem cell produces the majority of the immune cells?

Answer 1

Cd34+ hemopoietic stem cells

Question 2

HSCs are found in the

Answer 2

fetal liver, fetal spleen, and bone marrow

Question 3

What is required for the developed of a particular lineage?

why?

Answer 3

direct contact with the parenchyma

stromal cells produce the colony stimulating factors

Question 4

M-CSD —>

Answer 4

monocytes

Question 5

G-CSF –>

Answer 5

granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils)

Question 6

3/4 of nucleated cells in the bone marrow —>

Answer 6

leukocytes

Question 7

blood smear. what is it?

Answer 7

a clinically useful examination of the blood

Question 8

CBC

DIFF

Answer 8

CBC- complete blood count (most common)

DIFF - differential leukocyte count (second most common)

Question 9

the complete hematologic picture can be derived from a

at least from a morphological standpoint

Answer 9

DIFF with CBC

Question 10

How to make a smear (3 things)

Answer 10

should go from very thick at one end to progressively thinner at another

there should be a “zone of morphology” which is an area of optimal thickness for light microscopic examination
should be at least 2 cm in length

Question 11

Giemsa stain

Answer 11

made from

basic stain methylene blue + acidic eosin

used to see leukocytes

Question 12

How good is the cell count for the blood smear?

Answer 12

not good. morphology yes, but not count.
in order to get a proper count, CD-specific antibodies are used

(hence the genesis of the term cluster of differentiation)

Question 13

WBC by percent

Answer 13

Basophils: .5-1%
Eosinophils: 1-4% 
Monocytes: 2-8% 
Lymphocytes: 20-40%
Neutrophils: 40-60%

Question 14

T-cell CDs of note

Answer 14

CD3, 4, 8

Question 15

B cell CDs of note

Answer 15

CD19, 20

Question 16

Dendritic cell CDs of note

Answer 16

CD11c, CD123

Question 17

NK CDs of note

Answer 17

CD56

Question 18

HSC CDs of note

Answer 18

CD34+

Question 19

Monocyte/Macrophage CDs of note

Answer 19

CD14, CD33

Question 20

Granulocyte CDs of note

Answer 20

CD66b

Question 21

Leukocytosis

Answer 21

a WBC count above normal in the blood (30K/mm(cubed)) or 30 x 10^9/L

Question 22

Leukocytosis is normal or abnormal?

Answer 22

it’s normal in an situation of inflammation or infection

Question 23

what might cause leukocytosis?

Answer 23

gout, trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever

acute stress, thyroiditis

Question 24

Bone marrow disease

Answer 24

leukocytosis also detects this condition

also called chronic myelocitic leukemias: CML

Question 25

“left shift”

Answer 25

bone marrow’s response to an infection is to increase the number of WBCs in circulation, especially neutrophils, and less mature cell forms

associated with leukocytosis

Question 26

how long does a leukocyte live in circulation?

Answer 26

a few hours, then dies

Question 27

estimated life span of a white blood cell is ______.

where is this time spent?

Answer 27

11-16 days. most of the time it’s in the bone marrow

Question 28

leukopenia =

Answer 28

reduction of WBCs in circulation

Question 29

leukopenia is also closely associated with

Answer 29

neutropenia, reduction of neutrophils

Question 30

neutropenia is also called

Answer 30

agranulocytosis and granulocytopenia

Question 31

what are common causes of neutropenia?

Answer 31

radiation therapy/chemotherapy

Question 32

what are symptoms of neutropenia?

Answer 32

frequent infections

Question 33

Mast cells: staining

Answer 33

the granules stain purple with methylene blue in giemsa stain

Question 34

Basophils: staining

Answer 34

granules stain purple/blue with giemsa stain

Question 35

Eosinophil granules

Answer 35

stain red with eosin in giemsa

Question 36

What the fuck is giemsa?

Answer 36

a mix of methylene blue and eosin stains

Question 37

Eosinophils

all the stuff + definition of eosinophilia

Answer 37

stain red

allergic reactions, parasitic infections

granules = extracellular digestion

produce cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

white blood cell that participates in allergic and immunologic events

eosinophilia = 500/mcl

Question 38

major causes of eosinophilia

Answer 38

allergies and parasitic infections

Question 39

Mast cells in the tissues

Answer 39

they dont circulate, but differentiate and then remain in tissue.

distributed especially towards surfaces where pathogens might be encountered

among the first cells to of the immune system to interact with antigens/allergens/pathogens etc

Question 40

Mast cell facts

Answer 40

long lived

both innate and acquired disease processed are associated with changes in the number of mast cells at affected sites

express both PAMPs and DAMPs

Question 41

What particular function are mast cells especially geared to serve as?

Answer 41

amplification/suppression of innate/acquired immune responses

Question 42

what kind of immune responses can mast cells launch?

Answer 42

pro-inflammatory
ANTI-inflammatory
immunosuppressive properties

Question 43

Mast cell TLRs do what, but not…?

Answer 43

chemokine/cytokine/lipid mediator release

NO degranulation

Question 44

Mast cell: neurotoxins, venoms, C3a/C5a —>

Answer 44

degranulation

Question 45

Mast cell: inflammatory mediators

pre-formed mediators

Answer 45

histamine, heparin
proteases, chondroitin sulfates
TNF
antimicrobial peptides

Question 46

Major Mast Cell mediators

Answer 46

IL-8 (chemokine) –> interacts with Il-8 on neutrophils