B14.5 Cloning Flashcards
What is a clone?
Individual that has been produced asexually and is genetically identical to the parent
What is the 1st step in tissue culture?
Scrap of several small groups of cells onto agar jelly - to produce several identical plants called a callus
What is the 2nd step in tissue culture?
Add nutrients to the jelly - for respiration
Add hormones - to stimulate cell division
What happens in the 3rd final step?
Plant cells kept in sterile conditions to prevent growth
Why are the plant cells kept at a fixed temp?
Optimum temperature
Why are the plants genetically identical?
Produced by mitosis
So genetically identical
What is the cell cycle?
Cell growth - DNA synthesis - chromosomes double - further growth and DNA is checked for errors - Mitosis - cytoplasm separates - forms 2 cells - resting periods - stops dividing - cell growth
What are the processes of mitosis?
Cell begins to divide - DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome
Nuclear membrane breaks down - chromosomes line up across the centre of the cell - one set of chromosome pulled to each end of the cell and nucleus divides
Cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form 2 identical cells called daughter cells
How does embryo cloning work?
Give fertility hormones to top quality cow so that she produces many eggs - then fertilise these eggs using sperm from a really good bull - done inside the cow and then the embryos are generally washed out of the uterus
What happens after the embryo is formed?
Divide embryo into several individual cells -each cell grows into identical embryo in the lab - transfer embryo in mothers to produce identical cloned calves
What are the uses on embryonic cloning?
Can transport high-quality embryos all around the world - increase yield
What are some ethical issues and economic issues raised by embryo cloning?
Economic: only wealthy farmers/countries can afford cloning technology
Ethical: cloning decreases cattle biodiversity, how far should humans be able to interfere in production of new life.
