B13.5 DNA structure and protein synthesis Flashcards
What is your DNA made up of?
Alternating sugar and phosphate sections
What are attached to each sugar?
Bases that are represented by A C G T
What is a nucleotide?
Combination of a sugar - phosphate and a base
Why can a change or mutation in a single group of bases disrupt the whole protein structure?
By changing a gene’s instructions for making a protein, a variant can cause a protein to malfunction or to not be produced at all
What is the complementary strand of DNA?
C is always linked to G
T is always linked to A
Key in the way information from the genes on the DNA is translated into proteins in the cell
How are templates formed?
Genes in the DNA produce a template for the protein - template reflects the sequence of bases in the DNA - small enough to leave the nucleus through the pores in the nuclear membrane
What happens when the template leaves the nucleus?
Binds to the surface of a ribosome
The cytoplasm contains carrier molecules each attached to a specific amino acid - Carrier molecules attach themselves to the template in order given by the DNA
What happens after the template binds to the ribosome?
Amino acids are joined together to form a specific protein
Carrier molecules keep bringing specific amino acids to add to the growing protein chain in the correct order until the template is complete
The protein detaches from the carrier molecules and the carrier molecules detach from the template and return to the cytoplasm to pick up more amino acids
What happens when the protein chain is complete?
The molecule folds up to form a unique shape that will enable it to carry out its function in the cell
What happens if the protein is going to act as an enzyme?
Protein will fold to produce the active site
What will a change in the order of base cause?
Cause alter in DNA structure - alter the template - different template - different sequences of amino acids - change in protein
Explain how DNA controls the synthesis of proteins?
The template is produced that reflects the sequence of bases in DNA of a single gene.
The template is small enough to leave nucleus through pores in the nuclear
membrane and binds to surface of the ribosome.
Carrier molecules in cytoplasm, each attached to specific amino acid, attach themselves to template in order given by DNA until template
completed.
Amino acids join together to form specific protein.
Protein detaches from carrier molecules, which detach from template and return to cytoplasm to pick up more amino acids.
Once protein chain is complete molecule folds up to form unique shape
that will enable it to carry out its functions in cell.
What is the shape of a Base - phosphate and sugar?
Base is the square/rectangle
Phosphate is the pentagon
Phosphate is the circle
What is the name of the bases?
Thymine and Adenine
Guanine Cytosine
What is the genotype?
The alleles that an organism has for a particular characteristic
