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Antibacterial Agents Flashcards

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1
Q

What shape is cocci?

A

Round

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2
Q

What shape are bacilli?

A

Rods

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3
Q

What is diplococci?

A

Pairs (2) cocci together

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4
Q

What is streptococci?

A

Long Chains of cocci

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5
Q

What is staphylococci?

A

Clusters of cocci

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6
Q

What are the 2 dyes to identify gram stains and which identify gram positive and gram negative?

A

Crystal violet= gram positive

Safranin= gram negative

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7
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive have more substantial cell wall w/ more peptidoglycan layer

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8
Q

What types of bacteria are gram positive(5)? Where are they usually found?

A 
Staphylococcus-skin
Streptococcus-respiratory 
Clostridium-C. Diff
Listeria-food
Enterococcus-VRE
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9
Q

What is klebsiella gram stain? What does it usually cause?

A

Gram negative

Pneumonia

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10
Q

What gram stain is campylobacter? What does it usually cause?

A

Gram negative

Food poisoning

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11
Q

What gram stain is neisseria? What does it usually cause?

A

Gram negative

Gonerrhea/STD

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12
Q

What gram stain is hemophilus? What does it usually cause?

A

Gram negative

Flu

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13
Q

What gram stain is bordetella? What does it usually cause?

A

Pertussis

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14
Q

What gram stain is helicobacter? What does it usually cause?

A

Gram negative

H.pylori

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15
Q

What gram stain is pseudomonas? What does it lead to?

A

Gram negative

Sepsis

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16
Q

What gram stain is E.coli? What does it lead to?

A

Gram negative

Diarrhea

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17
Q

Antiseptics vs Disinfectants
What objects are they used on?
Potency?
What does it do to bacteria?

A

Antiseptic

  • living objects
  • low potency
  • bacteriostatic(stop growth for a time)

Disinfectant

  • nonliving object
  • high potency
  • bactericidal (kill bacteria)
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18
Q

What is key before giving a pt antibiotics?

A

Getting test sample for lab

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19
Q

What is culture and sensitivity testing? What are two methods to do this?

A

Testing to find out which antibiotic is effective against a specific bacteria

Disk test
Serial dilution

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20
Q

What is empiric therapy?

A

Using board spectrum Tx/antibiotics on illness

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21
Q

What is definitive therapy?

A

Using narrow spectrum Tx/antibiotics on illness

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22
Q

What is prophylactic therapy?

A

Prevention of infection before something like surgery

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23
Q

What are ADR that can occur when taking antibiotics d/t destroying the normal flora?

A

Diarrhea

Yeast infection

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24
Q

What effects the absorption of tetracyclines? Why?

A

Diary products

Binds to Ca2+

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25
What effects the absorption of fluoroquinolones?
Antacids | Multivitamins
26
How old must a pt be to take tetracyclines? What can occur if taken before this age?
>8yo Can bind to teeth and cause the teeth to grey
27
What are the 2 ADR that can occur from flouroquinolones?
Affect cartilage development in kids | Cause tendon rupture
28
What condition can be caused by sulfonamide in neonates?
Hyperbilirubinemia
29
What antibiotic categories most often have people allergic to them?
PCN | Sulfonamides
30
What was the scientists name that discovered PCN?
Alexander Fleming
31
What 2 beta-lactam antibiotics look and act like each other?
PCN | Cephalosporins
32
What is the MOA of beta-lactams?
Inhibits the penicillin binding protein which prevents cross linking in cell wall formation
33
What is used by bacteria to fight against beta-lactams? What do they do?
Beta-lactamases Break apart the beta-lactam ring
34
What drugs are included in beta-lactams?
PCN cephalosporins Carbapenems Monobactams
35
What are the names of the different types of PCN in the first generation of beta-lactams? Route?
Penicillin G-parenteral | Penicillin V-PO
36
What are the names of the 2nd generation of beta-lactams?
Amoxicillin | Ampicillin
37
What bacteria is 1st generation PCN no longer effective against? What is 1st generation PCN indicated for now? What is 1st generation PCN also not effective against?
Staph. aureus Strep pyogenes Strep pneumonia Gram negative Penicillinase producing bacteria
38
As generations of PCN increase how does that effect against gram negative bacteria?
PCNs become more effective against gram negative w/ more generations of penicillins
39
What are contraindications of PCN? How can you be careful of not making a mistake?
Known Drug allergy Not all PCN trade names end in -cillin
40
What are the ADR of PCN? Why are these Sx usually caused?
N/V Diarrhea Abdominal pain Because the PCN is destroying the normal flora
41
What are S/Sx of a pt who is allergic to PCN?
Urticaria Pruritus Angioedema
42
What is urticaria? Pruritus? Angioedema?
Urticaria- hives Pruritus-itching Angioedema-localized swelling
43
What is Clavulanic acid? What drug is it found in?
Beta-lactamase inhibitor Augmentin(amoxicillin/clavulanic acid)
44
What do cephalosporin drugs begin w/?
Cef- or ceph-
45
What is cefadroxil(Duricef,ultracef)? What generation? MOA category?
Cephalosporins 1st gen Beta-lactam
46
What is cefazolin(Ancef)? Generation? MOA Category?
Cephalosporins 1st generation Beta-lactam
47
What is cephalexin(Keflex)? Generation? MOA category?
Cephalosporins 1st generation Beta-lactams
48
W/ more generations of cephalosporins, how does it effect gram negative bacteria?
Greater the generation of cephalosporins the greater the effectiveness against gram negative bacteria
49
What is imipenem/cilastatin(Primaxin)? MOA category?
Carbapenem Beta-lactam
50
What is aztreonam(Azactam)? What MOA category?
Monobactam Beta-lactam
51
What is the MOA of aminoglycosides? What are they effective against?
Irreversibly bind to 30s subunit which inhibits translation Effective against gram negative
52
What does aminoglycosides end in? Route?
-cin Usually IV
53
What is gentamicin?
Aminoglycosides
54
What is neomycin(Neo-fradin)? Where can it be found?
Aminoglycosides OTC antibiotic ointment
55
What is tobramycin(TOBI)?
Aminoglycosides
56
What is amikacin?
Aminoglycosides
57
What is a ADR of aminoglycosides? Why shouldn’t they be taken when pregnant?
Nephrotoxicity Ototoxicity Can cause hearing loss or deafness in babies
58
What do tetracyclines end in?
-cycline
59
What types of bacteria is tetracycline effective against?
Gram negative and gram positive
60
When should a tetracycline be taken in regards to meals? How come?
1hr before meals or 3hrs after Binds w/ food
61
What is doxcycline(Vibramycin)?
Tetracycline
62
What is minocycline(minocin)?
Tetracycline
63
What is tetracycline(sumycin)?
Tetracycline
64
What is demeclocycline(Declomycin)
Tetracycline
65
What is the MOA of tetracycline?
Reversibly binds to 30s subunit in bacteria causing it to bacteriostatic
66
What is tetracycline indicated for?
H.pylori | Acne
67
What are the ADR of tetracycline(2)?
Photosensitivity | Grey of teeth
68
What is the contraindication for tetracycline? Why?
Pregnancy Tetracycline binds to Ca2+ in fetus and caused growth retardation
69
What do macrolides end in?
-omycin
70
What is erythromycin(E-mycin)? MOA?Indication?
Macrolides UTI respiratory infection Reversibly Binds to 50s subunit to inhibit protein synthesis
71
What is azithromycin(Zithromax)? Indication? MOA?
Macrolides UTI respiratory infection Reversibly Binds to 50s subunit to inhibit protein synthesis
72
What is clarithromycin(Biaxin)? Indication? MOA?
Macrolides UTI respiratory infection Reversibly Binds to 50s subunit to inhibit protein synthesis
73
What is fidaxomicin(Dificid)? Indication? MOA?
Macrolides C.diff Reversibly Binds to 50s subunit to inhibit protein synthesis
74
What is trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(Bactrim)? MOA? Indication? ADR?
Sulfonamide Competitive antagonist of PABA which inhibits the production of folic acid...folate is need for DNA/RNA synthesis UTI hyperkalemia
75
What do fluroquinolones end in?
-floxacin
76
What is ciprofloxacin(cipro)? MOA? Indication? ADR?
Fluroquinolones Inhibits DNA gyrase/topoisomerase UTI respiratory infection Bone infection Soft tissue infection Rupture tendons Effect cartilage development in kids
77
What is norfloxacin(Noroxin)? MOA? Indications? ADR?
Fluroquinolones Inhibits DNA gyrase/topoisomerase UTI respiratory infection Bone infection Soft tissue infection Rupture tendons Effect cartilage development in kids
78
What is levofloxacin(Levaquin)? MOA? Indication? ADR?
Fluroquinolones Inhibits DNA gyrase/topoisomerase UTI respiratory infection Bone infection Soft tissue infection Rupture tendons Effect cartilage development in kids
79
What is moxifloxaxin(Avelox)? MOA? Indications? ADR?
Fluroquinolones Inhibits DNA gyrase/topoisomerase UTI respiratory infection Bone infection Soft tissue infection Rupture tendons Effect cartilage development in kids
80
What is gemifloxacin(factive)? MOA? Indication? ADR?
Fluroquinolones Inhibits DNA gyrase/topoisomerase UTI respiratory infection Bone infection Soft tissue infection Rupture tendons Effect cartilage development in kids
81
What is clindamycin(Cleocin)? MOA? Indication? Potential drug interaction? can cause?
Misc. antibiotics Inhibits 50s subunit Respiratory infection Skin infection Acne Vaginal infection Vecuronium C.diff
82
What is linezolid(Zyvox)? Indication? MOA?
Misc antibiotic VRE in UTI, wound and blood infections Binds to 50s subunit
83
What is metronidazole(Flagyl)? MOA? Indications? Contraindication? ADR?
Misc antibiotic Produces toxic product that damages DNA in bacteria C.diff Pseudomembranous colitis Don’t take w/ alcohol...cause disulfuram reaction Cancer risk
84
What is nitrofurantoin(Macrodantin, Furadantin)? MOA? Indication? Low or high risk of resistance?
Misc antibiotic Inhibits - cell wall synthesis - DNA replication - transcription - protein synthesis 1st line ABX for Acute UTI or bladder infection Low risk of resistance
85
What is daptomycin(Cubicin)? Indication?
Misc antibiotic VRE
86
What is essential before beginning antibiotic therapy?
Obtain cultures from appropriate sites
87
What should penicillins be taken w/? What should they not be taken w/ and why?
Water Juices because the acid nullifys the drugs action
88
How long should you monitor a pt taking PCN for the 1st time?
30min
89
What should you avoid when taking tetracycline?
Milk products Iron preparations Antacids
90
Why is PCN no long effective against MRSA? Where can it be see ?
D/t alterations in PBP Seen in both hospitals and community
91
What is Vancomycin(Vancocin)? MOA? Indication? Can cause? ADR?
Misc antibiotic Inhibits main backbone production which interferes w/ cell wall synthesis MRSA C.diff Red man syndrome Ototoxicity Neohrotoxicity
92
What is daptomycin(Cubicin)? MOA? Indication?
Misc antibiotic Binds to 50s subunit VRE in UTI, wound and blood infections
93
What drugs are used for upper respiratory infections?
Augmentin | Z-pack
94
What is used to Tx community-acquired pneumonia? What category of drug is it?
Azithromycin Clarithromycin Macrolides
95
What drugs are commonly used to Tx UTIs?
Macrobid Bactrim Cipro
96
What drugs are used to Tx animal bites? What type of drugs are they?
Unasyn(ampicillin/sulbactam) Timentin(ticarcillin/clavulanic acid) Zosyn(piperacillin/tazobactam) Beta-lactam w/ beta-lactamase inhibitor
97
What is used to Tx pseudomonas aeruginosa infections from burn victims?
Timentin(ticarcillin/clavulanic acid)

Pharmacology (27 decks)

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