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Antibacterial Agents Flashcards

1
Q

What shape is cocci?

A

Round

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2
Q

What shape are bacilli?

A

Rods

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3
Q

What is diplococci?

A

Pairs (2) cocci together

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4
Q

What is streptococci?

A

Long Chains of cocci

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5
Q

What is staphylococci?

A

Clusters of cocci

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6
Q

What are the 2 dyes to identify gram stains and which identify gram positive and gram negative?

A

Crystal violet= gram positive

Safranin= gram negative

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7
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive have more substantial cell wall w/ more peptidoglycan layer

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8
Q

What types of bacteria are gram positive(5)? Where are they usually found?

A 
Staphylococcus-skin
Streptococcus-respiratory 
Clostridium-C. Diff
Listeria-food
Enterococcus-VRE
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9
Q

What is klebsiella gram stain? What does it usually cause?

A

Gram negative

Pneumonia

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10
Q

What gram stain is campylobacter? What does it usually cause?

A

Gram negative

Food poisoning

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11
Q

What gram stain is neisseria? What does it usually cause?

A

Gram negative

Gonerrhea/STD

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12
Q

What gram stain is hemophilus? What does it usually cause?

A

Gram negative

Flu

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13
Q

What gram stain is bordetella? What does it usually cause?

A

Pertussis

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14
Q

What gram stain is helicobacter? What does it usually cause?

A

Gram negative

H.pylori

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15
Q

What gram stain is pseudomonas? What does it lead to?

A

Gram negative

Sepsis

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16
Q

What gram stain is E.coli? What does it lead to?

A

Gram negative

Diarrhea

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17
Q

Antiseptics vs Disinfectants
What objects are they used on?
Potency?
What does it do to bacteria?

A

Antiseptic

  • living objects
  • low potency
  • bacteriostatic(stop growth for a time)

Disinfectant

  • nonliving object
  • high potency
  • bactericidal (kill bacteria)
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18
Q

What is key before giving a pt antibiotics?

A

Getting test sample for lab

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19
Q

What is culture and sensitivity testing? What are two methods to do this?

A

Testing to find out which antibiotic is effective against a specific bacteria

Disk test
Serial dilution

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20
Q

What is empiric therapy?

A

Using board spectrum Tx/antibiotics on illness

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21
Q

What is definitive therapy?

A

Using narrow spectrum Tx/antibiotics on illness

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22
Q

What is prophylactic therapy?

A

Prevention of infection before something like surgery

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23
Q

What are ADR that can occur when taking antibiotics d/t destroying the normal flora?

A

Diarrhea

Yeast infection

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24
Q

What effects the absorption of tetracyclines? Why?

A

Diary products

Binds to Ca2+

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25
Q

What effects the absorption of fluoroquinolones?

A

Antacids

Multivitamins

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26
Q

How old must a pt be to take tetracyclines? What can occur if taken before this age?

A

> 8yo

Can bind to teeth and cause the teeth to grey

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27
Q

What are the 2 ADR that can occur from flouroquinolones?

A

Affect cartilage development in kids

Cause tendon rupture

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28
Q

What condition can be caused by sulfonamide in neonates?

A

Hyperbilirubinemia

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29
Q

What antibiotic categories most often have people allergic to them?

A

PCN

Sulfonamides

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30
Q

What was the scientists name that discovered PCN?

A

Alexander Fleming

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31
Q

What 2 beta-lactam antibiotics look and act like each other?

A

PCN

Cephalosporins

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32
Q

What is the MOA of beta-lactams?

A

Inhibits the penicillin binding protein which prevents cross linking in cell wall formation

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33
Q

What is used by bacteria to fight against beta-lactams? What do they do?

A

Beta-lactamases

Break apart the beta-lactam ring

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34
Q

What drugs are included in beta-lactams?

A

PCN
cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

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35
Q

What are the names of the different types of PCN in the first generation of beta-lactams? Route?

A

Penicillin G-parenteral

Penicillin V-PO

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36
Q

What are the names of the 2nd generation of beta-lactams?

A

Amoxicillin

Ampicillin

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37
Q

What bacteria is 1st generation PCN no longer effective against? What is 1st generation PCN indicated for now? What is 1st generation PCN also not effective against?

A

Staph. aureus

Strep pyogenes
Strep pneumonia

Gram negative
Penicillinase producing bacteria

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38
Q

As generations of PCN increase how does that effect against gram negative bacteria?

A

PCNs become more effective against gram negative w/ more generations of penicillins

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39
Q

What are contraindications of PCN? How can you be careful of not making a mistake?

A

Known Drug allergy

Not all PCN trade names end in -cillin

40
Q

What are the ADR of PCN? Why are these Sx usually caused?

A

N/V
Diarrhea
Abdominal pain

Because the PCN is destroying the normal flora

41
Q

What are S/Sx of a pt who is allergic to PCN?

A

Urticaria
Pruritus
Angioedema

42
Q

What is urticaria? Pruritus? Angioedema?

A

Urticaria- hives
Pruritus-itching
Angioedema-localized swelling

43
Q

What is Clavulanic acid? What drug is it found in?

A

Beta-lactamase inhibitor

Augmentin(amoxicillin/clavulanic acid)

44
Q

What do cephalosporin drugs begin w/?

A

Cef- or ceph-

45
Q

What is cefadroxil(Duricef,ultracef)? What generation? MOA category?

A

Cephalosporins

1st gen

Beta-lactam

46
Q

What is cefazolin(Ancef)? Generation? MOA Category?

A

Cephalosporins

1st generation

Beta-lactam

47
Q

What is cephalexin(Keflex)? Generation? MOA category?

A

Cephalosporins

1st generation

Beta-lactams

48
Q

W/ more generations of cephalosporins, how does it effect gram negative bacteria?

A

Greater the generation of cephalosporins the greater the effectiveness against gram negative bacteria

49
Q

What is imipenem/cilastatin(Primaxin)? MOA category?

A

Carbapenem

Beta-lactam

50
Q

What is aztreonam(Azactam)? What MOA category?

A

Monobactam

Beta-lactam

51
Q

What is the MOA of aminoglycosides? What are they effective against?

A

Irreversibly bind to 30s subunit which inhibits translation

Effective against gram negative

52
Q

What does aminoglycosides end in? Route?

A

-cin

Usually IV

53
Q

What is gentamicin?

A

Aminoglycosides

54
Q

What is neomycin(Neo-fradin)? Where can it be found?

A

Aminoglycosides

OTC antibiotic ointment

55
Q

What is tobramycin(TOBI)?

A

Aminoglycosides

56
Q

What is amikacin?

A

Aminoglycosides

57
Q

What is a ADR of aminoglycosides? Why shouldn’t they be taken when pregnant?

A

Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity

Can cause hearing loss or deafness in babies

58
Q

What do tetracyclines end in?

59
Q

What types of bacteria is tetracycline effective against?

A

Gram negative and gram positive

60
Q

When should a tetracycline be taken in regards to meals? How come?

A

1hr before meals or 3hrs after

Binds w/ food

61
Q

What is doxcycline(Vibramycin)?

A

Tetracycline

62
Q

What is minocycline(minocin)?

A

Tetracycline

63
Q

What is tetracycline(sumycin)?

A

Tetracycline

64
Q

What is demeclocycline(Declomycin)

A

Tetracycline

65
Q

What is the MOA of tetracycline?

A

Reversibly binds to 30s subunit in bacteria causing it to bacteriostatic

66
Q

What is tetracycline indicated for?

A

H.pylori

Acne

67
Q

What are the ADR of tetracycline(2)?

A

Photosensitivity

Grey of teeth

68
Q

What is the contraindication for tetracycline? Why?

A

Pregnancy

Tetracycline binds to Ca2+ in fetus and caused growth retardation

69
Q

What do macrolides end in?

70
Q

What is erythromycin(E-mycin)? MOA?Indication?

A

Macrolides

UTI
respiratory infection

Reversibly Binds to 50s subunit to inhibit protein synthesis

71
Q

What is azithromycin(Zithromax)? Indication? MOA?

A

Macrolides

UTI
respiratory infection

Reversibly Binds to 50s subunit to inhibit protein synthesis

72
Q

What is clarithromycin(Biaxin)? Indication? MOA?

A

Macrolides

UTI
respiratory infection

Reversibly Binds to 50s subunit to inhibit protein synthesis

73
Q

What is fidaxomicin(Dificid)? Indication? MOA?

A

Macrolides

C.diff

Reversibly Binds to 50s subunit to inhibit protein synthesis

74
Q

What is trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole(Bactrim)? MOA? Indication? ADR?

A

Sulfonamide

Competitive antagonist of PABA which inhibits the production of folic acid…folate is need for DNA/RNA synthesis

UTI

hyperkalemia

75
Q

What do fluroquinolones end in?

76
Q

What is ciprofloxacin(cipro)? MOA? Indication? ADR?

A

Fluroquinolones

Inhibits DNA gyrase/topoisomerase

UTI
respiratory infection
Bone infection
Soft tissue infection

Rupture tendons
Effect cartilage development in kids

77
Q

What is norfloxacin(Noroxin)? MOA? Indications? ADR?

A

Fluroquinolones

Inhibits DNA gyrase/topoisomerase

UTI
respiratory infection
Bone infection
Soft tissue infection

Rupture tendons
Effect cartilage development in kids

78
Q

What is levofloxacin(Levaquin)? MOA? Indication? ADR?

A

Fluroquinolones

Inhibits DNA gyrase/topoisomerase

UTI
respiratory infection
Bone infection
Soft tissue infection

Rupture tendons
Effect cartilage development in kids

79
Q

What is moxifloxaxin(Avelox)? MOA? Indications? ADR?

A

Fluroquinolones

Inhibits DNA gyrase/topoisomerase

UTI
respiratory infection
Bone infection
Soft tissue infection

Rupture tendons
Effect cartilage development in kids

80
Q

What is gemifloxacin(factive)? MOA? Indication? ADR?

A

Fluroquinolones

Inhibits DNA gyrase/topoisomerase

UTI
respiratory infection
Bone infection
Soft tissue infection

Rupture tendons
Effect cartilage development in kids

81
Q

What is clindamycin(Cleocin)? MOA? Indication? Potential drug interaction? can cause?

A

Misc. antibiotics

Inhibits 50s subunit

Respiratory infection
Skin infection
Acne
Vaginal infection

Vecuronium

C.diff

82
Q

What is linezolid(Zyvox)? Indication? MOA?

A

Misc antibiotic

VRE in UTI, wound and blood infections

Binds to 50s subunit

83
Q

What is metronidazole(Flagyl)? MOA? Indications? Contraindication? ADR?

A

Misc antibiotic

Produces toxic product that damages DNA in bacteria

C.diff
Pseudomembranous colitis

Don’t take w/ alcohol…cause disulfuram reaction

Cancer risk

84
Q

What is nitrofurantoin(Macrodantin, Furadantin)? MOA? Indication? Low or high risk of resistance?

A

Misc antibiotic

Inhibits

  • cell wall synthesis
  • DNA replication
  • transcription
  • protein synthesis

1st line ABX for Acute UTI or bladder infection

Low risk of resistance

85
Q

What is daptomycin(Cubicin)? Indication?

A

Misc antibiotic

VRE

86
Q

What is essential before beginning antibiotic therapy?

A

Obtain cultures from appropriate sites

87
Q

What should penicillins be taken w/? What should they not be taken w/ and why?

A

Water

Juices because the acid nullifys the drugs action

88
Q

How long should you monitor a pt taking PCN for the 1st time?

89
Q

What should you avoid when taking tetracycline?

A

Milk products
Iron preparations
Antacids

90
Q

Why is PCN no long effective against MRSA? Where can it be see ?

A

D/t alterations in PBP

Seen in both hospitals and community

91
Q

What is Vancomycin(Vancocin)? MOA? Indication? Can cause? ADR?

A

Misc antibiotic

Inhibits main backbone production which interferes w/ cell wall synthesis

MRSA

C.diff

Red man syndrome
Ototoxicity
Neohrotoxicity

92
Q

What is daptomycin(Cubicin)? MOA? Indication?

A

Misc antibiotic

Binds to 50s subunit

VRE in UTI, wound and blood infections

93
Q

What drugs are used for upper respiratory infections?

A

Augmentin

Z-pack

94
Q

What is used to Tx community-acquired pneumonia? What category of drug is it?

A

Azithromycin
Clarithromycin

Macrolides

95
Q

What drugs are commonly used to Tx UTIs?

A

Macrobid
Bactrim
Cipro

96
Q

What drugs are used to Tx animal bites? What type of drugs are they?

A

Unasyn(ampicillin/sulbactam)
Timentin(ticarcillin/clavulanic acid)
Zosyn(piperacillin/tazobactam)

Beta-lactam w/ beta-lactamase inhibitor

97
Q

What is used to Tx pseudomonas aeruginosa infections from burn victims?

A

Timentin(ticarcillin/clavulanic acid)

Pharmacology (27 decks)

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