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nabard agri > Agro-meteorology > Flashcards

Agro-meteorology Flashcards

1
Q

Meteorology word derived from?

A

Greek word:
Meteoro + Logy =
Above the Earth’s Surface + study

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2
Q

Long term regime of atmospheric variables of a given place

A

Climate

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3
Q

Physical State of the atmosphere at a given place at a given time (relatively short-term)

A

Weather

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4
Q

What is the seat of photochemical reaction?

A

Stratosphere

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5
Q

In which layer of atmosphere are earth’s clouds present?

A

Trophosphere

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6
Q

The lowermost and topmost atmospheric layer of earth?

A

Trophosphere
Exosphere

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7
Q

What are the parameters or the external factors affecting crop production?

A

LAP-TV
Latitude, Altitude, Precipitation,
Topography, Vegetation,

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8
Q

Precipitation in arid and semi arid areas?

A

Arid: <500mm
Semi arid: 750-1000mm (max in India)

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9
Q

Precipitation in sub-arid & humid regions?

A

sub-arid: 750-1000mm
Humid: >1000mm

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10
Q

Dimensions in scale of weather

A

Height
Horizontal Scale
Time

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11
Q

Categories of Scales of Climate as per IMD Pune

A

Macro
- Planetary and Synoptic
Meso
Micro

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12
Q

Climatic conditions that last for a few minutes and occur in less than 1km area horizontally and 10m vertically in the atmosphere

A

Micro-Climate
Eg: dew, industial smoke, small eddy currents, etc.

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13
Q

Scales of Micro, Meso and Macro climatic condition as per IMD

A

Micro, Meso, Synoptic, Planetary
<1km, 1-100km, 100-1000km, 1000+ km
<10m, 1-10km, 1-10km, 10 km
few mins, 1 day, few days, Large no. of days

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14
Q

Scales of Micro, Meso and Macro climatic condition as per other authors

A

Micro, Meso, Synoptic, Planetary
<100m, 1-100km, 200-500km,2k-5k km
200m, 1-10km, 10km, 10 km
6-12 min, 1-10 hrs, 100 hrs, 200-400hrs

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15
Q

Examples of Meso Climatic conditons

A

Thunderstorms (convective clouds), tornados, Dust storms, fog, land & sea breeze, etc.

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16
Q

Examples of Synoptic Planetary conditions?

A

Depressions, Cyclonic storms, troughs & ridges

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17
Q

Examples Planetary climatic conditions?

A

Global circulation, ITCZ, Monsoon troughs, etc

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18
Q

Permanent change in weather phenomenon and temporary change is weather phenomenon from normal

A

Climate change
Climate variability

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19
Q

Different people/organisations that made Climate Classifications?

A
  1. Thorne Thwaite: PHMDSA
  2. Troll: ASSH
  3. ICAR: SSA
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20
Q

What is the Thorne Thwaite Classification of Climate based on?

A

Moisture index
Measured through Potential Evapo-Transpiration (PET)

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21
Q

What is the Thorne Thwaite Classification

A

PHMDSA
Per Humid: 100+
Humid: 100-20
Moist sub-humid: 20-0
Dry sub-humid: 0 to -33.3
Semi Arid: -33.3 to -66.7
Arid: -66.7 to -100

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22
Q

What does the Troll Criteria depend on?

A

No. of Humid Months

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23
Q

What is the Troll classification?

A

ASSH
Arid: <2 months of rain - 17% India
Semi-Arid Dry: 2-4.5 months - 57%
Semi-Arid Wet: 4.5-7 months - 12%
Humid: >7 months of rain - 1.10%

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24
Q

What does the ICAR’s criteria of Climate classification depend on?

A

Moisture Deficit Index

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25
Q

What is the ICAR Classification of Climate?

A

SSA
Sub-Humid: 0-33.3
Semi-Arid -33.3 to -66.6
Arid: >-66.6

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26
Q

How many metrological sub-divisions are there in India?

A

36

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27
Q

Most of our average annual rainfall is during?

A

Monsoon: 70% of the 125cm

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28
Q

Average of Max and Min temperature of day minus the base temperature of the crop

A

Degree Day of the Crop
(Tmax - Tmin) / 2 - T base

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29
Q

What is:
1. used to guide agricultural operations and planting land use
2. Forecast crop havest dates, yield & quality
3. Forecast labour req
4. done before Introducing new crops
5. Predicting the liklihood of successful growth

A

Growing Degree Day

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30
Q

Precipitation of liquid water particles either in the form of drops of diameter greater than 0.5mm or smaller widely scattered drops

A

Rain

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31
Q

Uniform precipitation of fine drops, less than 0.5mm in diameter

A

Drizzle

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32
Q

Fine drops of less than 0.5 mm that completely evaporate before touching ground?

A

Mist

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33
Q

Precipitation of white and opaque grains of ice (solid water in branched hexagonal crystals)

A

Snow

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34
Q

A mixture of rain & snow, small pellets of transparent ice 5mm or less in diameter. Happens when rain falling to earth passes through a layer of cold air and freezes

A

Sleet
In High altitute in winter

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35
Q

Small pieces of ice of diameter 5-50+ mm. Dreaded & destructive storms that are more frequent in the tropics, March - May in India

A

Hail

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36
Q

Lines connection areas of equal amount of precipitation

A

Isohytes

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37
Q

Lines connecting areas of same temperature
Lines connecting areas of same atmospheric pressure

A

Isotherm
Isobar

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38
Q

Average value of 30 years of a particular weather element continuing for a week, month, or years

A

Climatic normal

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39
Q

What depends on the climatic normal of a place?

A

crop distribution, production and productivity

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40
Q

When isobars are eliptical than circular, the system is called?

A

Ridge or wedge

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41
Q

A low pressure region that brings winds the velocity of 40-120 km/hr mostly during the summer. Those in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea brings heavy rainfall and a change in existing weather

A

Storm

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42
Q

Central region of high temperature, moving clockwise in northern hemisphere and anticlockwise in southern hemisphere

A

Anti Cyclone

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43
Q

A combination of heat and moisture with speeds exceeding 120km/hr originating from water vapour rising from the warm sea/ocean and lasts longer than a storm

A

Hurricane in North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific.
Typhoons in Western North Pacific
Willy Willies in Australia
Cyclones in the Indian Ocean

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44
Q

Storms by cumulonimbus clouds, accompanied by lightning & thunder

A

Thunderstorms

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45
Q

Violently rotating column of air attended by funnel/tubular shaped cloud extending downwards from the base of a cumulonimbus
Most violent storms of troposphere
Occur during spring or summer, mostly

A

Tornado

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46
Q

General Water phenomenon that is controlled by meteorological factor that occurs in night at well and is dependent on temperature and humidity

A

Evaporation

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47
Q

Water phenomenon controlled by both meteorological and plant factors

A

Transpiration

48
Q

What is the classification of a Hot month, Cold month and warm month?

A

> 20 degrees
15-20 degrees
0-10 degrees

49
Q

Photosynthetic activities take place in what range of solar radiation?

A

Visible Light Range
0.39-0.76 meu

50
Q

What is the value of solar constant?

A

2 cal/cm2/min

51
Q

Solar Radiation that reflects back into the atmosphere after striking an object or air in earth, & is not transformed into heat. % of reflected radiation to the incident radiation

A

Albedo

52
Q

Incoming solar radiation is absorbed by earth’s surface?

A

51%

53
Q

Solar Radiation absorbed by atmosphere and clouds?

A

19%

54
Q

Share of solar radiation reflected by atmosphere, clouds or surface

A

30%

55
Q

Albedo of pure water?

A

5-10%

56
Q

Albedo of clouds?

A

55%

57
Q

Shade loving plants and Sun loving plants are known as?

A

Sciophytes: Betel vine, Buck Wheat
Hetrophytes: Maize, Sorghum, cereals (rice, wheat)

58
Q

The plant injury where due to high temperature of 50-60 degrees, plant cells get killed

A

Thermal Death Point

59
Q

Injury caused on the barks of stem by high temperature during day time and low during night time

A

Sun Clad

60
Q

Stem at ground level scorches, due to high soil temperature causing death of plant by destroying conductive tissue. Eg: Cotton in sandy soil

A

Stem Girdle

61
Q

Plants of hot climate are exposed to low temp and are killed or severely injured or development of chloratic condition (yellowing). Eg: Sorghum & Maize during winter when night temp is below 20 degree

A

Chilling Injury

62
Q

In plants of temperate region when exposed to very low temperatures, water in cells freezes into ice, protoplasm is dehydrated leading death. Eg: Frost damage of potato, tea, etc

A

Freezing Injury

63
Q

Plant injury by lifting up of plants, along with

A

Heaving

64
Q

A process where precipitation is encouraged by injecting artificial condensation nuclei through aircrafts or other suitable mechanisms to induce rain from rain bearing clouds

A

Seeding of Cloud

65
Q

Types of Cloud Seeding?

A

Dry Seeding - silver iodide method
Warm Seeding - Common Salt and Water Drop Technique

66
Q

Minute crystals of a chemical produced in the form of smoke act as efficient ice-forming nuclei at temperatures below -5 degrees to induce rain

A

Dry Seeding of Silver iodide

67
Q

What is long period average?

A

Average rainfall between 1951-2000
88cm

68
Q

What is considered normal rainfall wrt LPA?

A

96%-104% of LPA

69
Q

What is considered excess rainfall wrt LPA?

A

More than 110% of LPA

70
Q

When can we say that rainfall is deficient?

A

Less than 90% of LPA

71
Q

An event is considered a cloud burst when a station receives ___cm of rainfall in ___

A

10cm in 1 hour

72
Q

What are the classification of dorught?

A

2 methods of classification
AS-MHA
(AS in MaHA)

73
Q

Conditions of Low Atmospheric Humidity, high wind velocity, high temp, where plants lose most of their moisture by transpiration

A

Atmospheric Drought

74
Q

2 types of Soil Drought are?

A

Physical & Physiological

75
Q

Actual shortage of water due to limited or non-availability of water from various sources

A

Physical Water Drought

76
Q

Water is available but plants can’t absorb them due to physiological reasons like excessive salts or imbalanced pH, etc.

A

Physiological Soil Droughts

77
Q

Phenomenon when seasonal rainfall is less than 75% of its long term average over a wide area

A

Meteorological Drought

78
Q

Phenomenon where waterbodies start drying up, causing depletion of surface water and drying up of inland water bodies and a decrease in water level

A

Hydrological drought
Meterological drought leads to hydrological drought

79
Q

Inadequate soil moisture and rainfall impact crop growth, leading leading to extreme crop stress, yield loss and wilting of plants

A

Agricultural Drought

80
Q

3 types of weather forecasting?

A
  • Short Range: Now Casting, Very Short Range
  • Medium Range
  • Long Range
81
Q

Weather forecast range upto 72 hours is called? It is for?

A

Short Range
For Rainfall distribution, rainfall rate (heavy/low), thunderstorms and heat or cold waves

82
Q

Short range forecasting is used by?

A

Farmers, Mariners and different Agencies

83
Q

Weather forcast for the next 0-2 hours

A

Now casting

84
Q

Weather forecast for the next 1-12 hours?

A

Very Short Range Forecast

85
Q

Weather forecast for the next 3-10 days? it is for?

A

Medium Range
For predicting Rainfall occurance and temperature

86
Q

National Centre for Medium Range Weather (NCMRF) Forecasting is located in?

A

Noida, UP

87
Q

Weather forecast beyond 10 days, up to a month or a season is? it is for?

A

Long Range Forecast
For Indian Monsoon and Expected Rain Amount

88
Q

Who uses Long Range Weather Forecats?

A

Planners

89
Q

A scheme by IMD, State Agricultural Universities and ICAR, which renders medium range weather forecast based Agromet Advisory Services to the farmers at the district level

A

Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa Scheme

90
Q

8 weather parameters considered in GKMS Scheme?

A

Rainfall, Max Temp, Min Temp, Morning & Evening Relative Humidity, Wind Speed, Wind Direction & Cloud Cover

91
Q

Who prepares the Agromet Advisory in GKMS Scheme and when is it relelased?

A

ICAR-CRIDA with IMD
Every Friday

92
Q

An enormous volume of meteorological data is being collected from all over the world continuously round the clock through various telecommunication channels
The observations are plotted on maps in standard weather codes for assimilation. This kind of map is known as?

A

Synaptic Charts

93
Q

What does a Full white circle in Synaptic Charts represents?

A

Clear sky

94
Q

What does a Full black circle in Synaptic Charts represents?

A

Overcast

95
Q

What does a semi colon in Synaptic Charts represents?

A

Drizzle

96
Q

What does a Double Line in Synaptic Charts represents?

A

Mist

97
Q

What does a triple line in Synaptic Charts represents?

A

Fog

98
Q

Detailed agricultural information collected by IMD, condensed and presented in pictorial form

A

Crop Weather Calendar

99
Q

How many parts does a crop weather calendar have?

A

3 parts:
Bottom, Middle, Top

100
Q

What does the bottom part of a Crop Weather Calendar show?

A

Phenological stages of crop and the months

101
Q

Which part of a crop weather calendar shows the weather conditions required for active crop growth

A

Middle part
Divided into Rainfall, Min/Max Temp, Sundhine Hours, Pan Evaporation

102
Q

Which part of a Crop Weather Calendar gives information regarding weather abnormalities (precautionary measures)

A

The Top Part
Divided into Dry spell length, High wind, Heavy rainfall, Cloudy weather

103
Q

Representation of crop through mathematical equations explaining the crop’s interaction with both above ground and below ground environment

A

Crop Modelling

104
Q

Model where relationship between the yield or yield components with weather expressed, measured using Statistical techniques

A

Statistical Model of Crop Modelling

105
Q

Crop model that explains not only the relationship between weather parameters and yield, but also influencing dependent variables

A

Mechanistic model

106
Q

Crop model that estimate the exact value of the yield or dependable variable

A

Deterministic Model

107
Q

A crop model where a probability element is attached to each output. These models define the yield or state of dependent variable at a given rate

A

Stochastic Model

108
Q

Crop model where time is included as a variable. Both dependent and independent variables have values which remain constant over a given period of time

A

Dynamic Models

109
Q

A crop modeling system where time is not included as a variable. The dependent and independent variables having value remain constant over a period of time

A

Static model

110
Q

Computer crop models that are a mathematical representation of a real world system. Used to estimate agricultural production as a function of weather and soil conditions

A

Simulation models

111
Q

A crop model that defines the behaviour of the system in a simple manner. Has one or more mathematical model

A

Descriptive model

112
Q

Crop model that consist of quantitative description of the mechanism and process that causes the behaviour of the system

A

Explanatory model

113
Q

Locust Warning Organisation (LWO) India

A

Faridabad

114
Q

Instrument that measures wind speed/velocity?

A

Anemometer

115
Q

Instrument that measures:
a> Sunshine duration
b> Relative Humidity
c> Relative Density of liquid

A

a> Cambel Stokes Recorder
b> Hygrometer/Psychrometer
c> Hydrometer

nabard agri (9 decks)

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