6.4 Organisation And Specialisation Of Cells

Question 1

Level of organisation in multicellular organism

Answer 1

Specialised cell- tissue- organs- organ systems- whole organism

Question 2

Differentiated

Answer 2

Specialised cell carrying out specific function

Question 3

Erythrocyte

Answer 3

Flattened biconcave shape, increasing SA:V. Transports oxygen around body.

Question 4

Nutrophil

Answer 4

Type of white blood cell. Multi-lobed nucleus, making it easier to squeeze through small gaps. Granular cytoplasm contains many lysosomes that contain enzymes used to attack pathogens

Question 5

Lysosome

Answer 5

Compartment inside cell containing enzymes

Question 6

Sperm cell

Answer 6

Male gamete. Used to deliver genetic information to female gamete. Has flagella, used as movement.

Question 7

Acrosome

Answer 7

Part of male gamete, contains digestive enzymes to digest protective layers around the ovum.

Question 8

Palisade cell

Answer 8

Present in mesophyll, contain chloroplast. Thin cell walls increasing diffusion. Large vacuole maintaining turgor pressure.

Question 9

Root hair cell

Answer 9

Present in surface of roots near growing tips. Long extensions which increase surface area, maximising uptake of water and minerals from soil.

Question 10

Guard cells (pair)

Answer 10

Form stomata, necessary for entry of CO². When they lose water, they become less swolen and change shape. Stoma closes to prevent further water loss. Does not change shape symmetrically as one cell wall of guard cell is thicker than the other.

Question 11

Tissue

Answer 11

Collection of differentiated cells that has specialised function

Question 12

Nervous tissue

Answer 12

Adapted to support transmission of electrical impulses

Question 13

Epithelial tissue

Answer 13

Adapted to cover body surfaces, internal and external

Question 14

Muscle tissue

Answer 14

Adapted to contract

Question 15

Connective tissue

Answer 15

Adapted either to hold other tissues together or as a transport medium

Question 16

Squamous epithelium

Answer 16

Made of specialised squamous epithelial cells, thin due to flat cells. Allows rapid diffusion to occur. Forms lining of lungs

Question 17

Ciliated epithelium

Answer 17

Hair-like structures. Line trachea, causing mucus to be swept away from the lungs.

Question 18

Goblet cells

Answer 18

Releases mucus, trapping unwanted particles present in the air. Prevents is from reaching alveoli once inside the lungs

Question 19

Cartilage

Answer 19

Connective tissue, contains fibres of proteins elastin and collagen. Prevents bones rubbing and becoming damaged. Can create skeletons eg. in many fish

Question 20

Muscle

Answer 20

Contractive tissue used to move bones.

Question 21

Epidermis tissue

Answer 21

Adapted to cover plant surfaces

Question 22

Vascular tissue

Answer 22

Adapted to transport water and nutrients

Question 23

Epidermis

Answer 23

Usually covered in waxy cuticle to reduce water loss. Stomata are present in epidermis

Question 24

Xylem tissue

Answer 24

Vascular tissue responsible for transport of water and minerals. Walls are strengthened and lined with lignin

Question 25

Lignin

Answer 25

Provided structural support for plants

Question 26

Phloem tissue

Answer 26

Vascular tissue, transport organic nutrients especially sucrose. Composed of sieve tube elements separated by sieve plates

Question 27

Organ

Answer 27

Collection of tissues adapted to perform specific function

Question 28

Organ system

Answer 28

Composed of a number of organs carrying out a major role in the body