6.1 Nervous System Flashcards
Anything outside the brain and spinal cord, you are in the?
peripheral nervous system!
if ANY question says “efferent or afferent” division… you KNOW you are in?
peripheral nervous system!
what is motor?
- muscular contraction and glandular secretions
- efferent!
- never matter if it is skeletal, cardiac or smooth muscle OR endocrine or exocrine secretions
what part of NS are you in if you hear somatic or autonomic?
Efferent PNS!
common for people with spinal injuries to also have issues?
with blood pressure and GI
lower brain (sub-cortical) levels are primarily? what is the exception?
unconscious
*one exception= thalamus bc it gives us crude sensory perception (especially for pain)
what is the only sensation that doesn’t synapse on the thalamus (most of the time)?
smell
how much information that is going to the thalamus is being activity filtered out?
98-99%
1) What does oxytocin do?
2) Has major affect on?
3) may be used for?
(think about experiment showing people horrible scenes!)
1) *helps you get along, relax and TRUST more
* people reacted a lot LESS acutely when a dose of oxytocin while watching horrible things
2) **major effect on amygdala; makes them relaxed/happy
3) anxiety disorders and some types of autism
Hippocampus is extremely important for?
1) learning and short term memory
2) stores and replays new events to categorize them for transfer to long-term memory
3) important for sleep and exercise
when and where does consolidation of what happens during the day happen?
in the hippocampus during slow-wave SLEEP
all pain activates?
reticular formation WAKEFULNESS center
Broca’s area
production of speech
*frontal lobe
Wernicke’s area
comprehension of speech
*temportal lobe
Broca’s aphasia vs Wernicke’s aphasia?
Broca= difficult articulation; know what they want to say but can’t
Wernicke= fluent word salad; vision/hearing ok but cannot comprehend
aphasia is?
defect in language
what happens if you put an electrical-magnetic cap on in concerns to memory?
you inhibit an inhibitory mechanism in the brain and can do AMAZING THINGS and recall information
another term for pain receptor?
nociceptor
what are the 5 basic sensory receptor types?
1) mechanical
2) thermoreceptor
3) pain receptor
4) photoreceptor
5) chemoreceptor
where are sensory receptors found?
1) on free nerve ending
2) very specialized sensory receptor cells
do sensory receptor cells have action potentials?
NO
they have graded potentials
Law of specific nerve energies
nerve receptors are sensitive to ONE thing
Labeled Line principle
specific receptors are linked to specific neurons which travel up specific nerve tracts to specific brain regions
Do local anesthetics inhibit nociceptors?
NO!
They simply create a roadblock
Do local anesthetics inhibit AP in distal portions between nociceptors and injection sites??
NO!
*They simply create a roadblock
does afferent convergence occur with sensory innervation pathway of teh oral cavity?
YES
does referred pain occur in the oral cavity?
YES
pain endorphin is an example of what?
endogenous opioid molecule
alternative names for corticospinal and extrapyramidal tracts
corticospinal= pyramidal
extrapyramidal= brainstem
cerebellar loss or injury leads to?
incoordination (loss of timing) and decreased speed of movement; overshoot and intention tremor
what is another name for basal ganglia?
basal nuclei
Parkinson’s tremor is associated with what part of brain and loss of?
Substantia nigra
*loss of dopamine secreting neurons
what does basal nuclei do?
control of smooth, timed voluntary movement
*recieves info from cortex and sends output back to cortex VIA thalamus
relaxtion tremor
Turn into?
when a person is not doing anything and their hands shake but it stops when they go to make a movement
- *EARLY basal nuclei problem
- **TURNS INTO RIGIDITY= end stage of tremor, when both sides of joint contract at same time
intention tremor
relaxation tremor
essential tremor
I= when voluntary moving R= relaxed E= don't know why
static vs dynamic stretch
static= sense of magnitude of stretch
dynamic= sense of rate of stretch
gamma vs alpha fibers in muscle
gamma= stretch alpha= tension
what is the biggest and faster nerve fiber our bodies have? used when? why is this important?
A-alpha nerve fiber
- *used in muscle-stretch reflex
- *important bc we want the info and action to travel fast through intrafusal fibers in order to PROTECT body
when do we use the stretch reflex?
all the time, all day
- more so in sports or active activities
- for protection and more powerful movements
what is an example of a monosynaptic reflex?
stretch reflex
what reflex is found in tendons?
golgi tendon apparatus and reflex
Give an example of a polysynaptic reflex?
golgi tendon apparatus and reflex
golgi tendon apparatus and reflex gives a person MASSIVE
power and strength
- over-ride protective mechanism
- girls life tractor story
what extends or flexes in crossed extension reflex?
flex= ipsilateral side that is affected
extend= contralateral “push off”
muscle spindles in jaw openers or closers?
OPENERS!
*so you ONLY get muscle stretch reflexes in jaw closing
what are your patients fighting when you tell them to open wide?
1) activation of stretch reflex in closing muscles
- -closing stretched > stretch reflex > closing mms contract
2) activation of golgi tendon reflex in opening muscles
- -opening mms tension > GT reflex of opening > closing of mouth muscles
how do you get taste? flavor?
- combo of chemicals= taste
* combo of tastes= flavor
define dysgusia
dysfunction of taste
Local anesthetics block
voltage-gated Na+ channels
describe dentin and nocireceptors relation with temperature change
- dentin is temp responsive
* nocireceptors are NOT directly sensitive to temperature change but are RESPONSIVE TO PRESSURE
Local anesthetics inhibit unimodal and/or polymodal nociceptors?
NEITHER unimodal nor polymodal
define hyperalgesia
typical pain responses are magnified
*Ex: needle in back of hand hurts, but REALLY hurts with this
*may be due to close proximity of normal pain neurons, that when NT is released it causes synapse
define allodynia
typical non-painful stimuli generate pain responses
*Ex: feather on back of hand should not hurt but it does!
*may be due to close proximity of normal pain neurons, that when NT is released it causes synapse
