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Physiology > 6.1 Nervous System > Flashcards

6.1 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Anything outside the brain and spinal cord, you are in the?

A

peripheral nervous system!

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2
Q

if ANY question says “efferent or afferent” division… you KNOW you are in?

A

peripheral nervous system!

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3
Q

what is motor?

A
  • muscular contraction and glandular secretions
  • efferent!
  • never matter if it is skeletal, cardiac or smooth muscle OR endocrine or exocrine secretions
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4
Q

what part of NS are you in if you hear somatic or autonomic?

A

Efferent PNS!

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5
Q

common for people with spinal injuries to also have issues?

A

with blood pressure and GI

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6
Q 
lower brain (sub-cortical) levels are primarily?
what is the exception?
A

unconscious

*one exception= thalamus bc it gives us crude sensory perception (especially for pain)

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7
Q

what is the only sensation that doesn’t synapse on the thalamus (most of the time)?

A

smell

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8
Q

how much information that is going to the thalamus is being activity filtered out?

A

98-99%

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9
Q

1) What does oxytocin do?
2) Has major affect on?
3) may be used for?
(think about experiment showing people horrible scenes!)

A

1) *helps you get along, relax and TRUST more
* people reacted a lot LESS acutely when a dose of oxytocin while watching horrible things
2) **major effect on amygdala; makes them relaxed/happy
3) anxiety disorders and some types of autism

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10
Q

Hippocampus is extremely important for?

A

1) learning and short term memory
2) stores and replays new events to categorize them for transfer to long-term memory
3) important for sleep and exercise

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11
Q

when and where does consolidation of what happens during the day happen?

A

in the hippocampus during slow-wave SLEEP

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12
Q

all pain activates?

A

reticular formation WAKEFULNESS center

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13
Q

Broca’s area

A

production of speech

*frontal lobe

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14
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

comprehension of speech

*temportal lobe

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15
Q

Broca’s aphasia vs Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Broca= difficult articulation; know what they want to say but can’t

Wernicke= fluent word salad; vision/hearing ok but cannot comprehend

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16
Q

aphasia is?

A

defect in language

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17
Q

what happens if you put an electrical-magnetic cap on in concerns to memory?

A

you inhibit an inhibitory mechanism in the brain and can do AMAZING THINGS and recall information

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18
Q

another term for pain receptor?

A

nociceptor

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19
Q

what are the 5 basic sensory receptor types?

A

1) mechanical
2) thermoreceptor
3) pain receptor
4) photoreceptor
5) chemoreceptor

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20
Q

where are sensory receptors found?

A

1) on free nerve ending

2) very specialized sensory receptor cells

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21
Q

do sensory receptor cells have action potentials?

A

NO

they have graded potentials

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22
Q

Law of specific nerve energies

A

nerve receptors are sensitive to ONE thing

23
Q

Labeled Line principle

A

specific receptors are linked to specific neurons which travel up specific nerve tracts to specific brain regions

24
Q

Do local anesthetics inhibit nociceptors?

A

NO!

They simply create a roadblock

25
Q

Do local anesthetics inhibit AP in distal portions between nociceptors and injection sites??

A

NO!

*They simply create a roadblock

26
Q

does afferent convergence occur with sensory innervation pathway of teh oral cavity?

A

YES

27
Q

does referred pain occur in the oral cavity?

A

YES

28
Q

pain endorphin is an example of what?

A

endogenous opioid molecule

29
Q

alternative names for corticospinal and extrapyramidal tracts

A

corticospinal= pyramidal

extrapyramidal= brainstem

30
Q

cerebellar loss or injury leads to?

A

incoordination (loss of timing) and decreased speed of movement; overshoot and intention tremor

31
Q

what is another name for basal ganglia?

A

basal nuclei

32
Q

Parkinson’s tremor is associated with what part of brain and loss of?

A

Substantia nigra

*loss of dopamine secreting neurons

33
Q

what does basal nuclei do?

A

control of smooth, timed voluntary movement

*recieves info from cortex and sends output back to cortex VIA thalamus

34
Q

relaxtion tremor

Turn into?

A

when a person is not doing anything and their hands shake but it stops when they go to make a movement

  • *EARLY basal nuclei problem
  • **TURNS INTO RIGIDITY= end stage of tremor, when both sides of joint contract at same time
35
Q

intention tremor
relaxation tremor
essential tremor

A 
I= when voluntary moving
R= relaxed
E= don't know why
36
Q

static vs dynamic stretch

A

static= sense of magnitude of stretch

dynamic= sense of rate of stretch

37
Q

gamma vs alpha fibers in muscle

A 
gamma= stretch
alpha= tension
38
Q

what is the biggest and faster nerve fiber our bodies have? used when? why is this important?

A

A-alpha nerve fiber

  • *used in muscle-stretch reflex
  • *important bc we want the info and action to travel fast through intrafusal fibers in order to PROTECT body
39
Q

when do we use the stretch reflex?

A

all the time, all day

  • more so in sports or active activities
  • for protection and more powerful movements
40
Q

what is an example of a monosynaptic reflex?

A

stretch reflex

41
Q

what reflex is found in tendons?

A

golgi tendon apparatus and reflex

42
Q

Give an example of a polysynaptic reflex?

A

golgi tendon apparatus and reflex

43
Q

golgi tendon apparatus and reflex gives a person MASSIVE

A

power and strength

  • over-ride protective mechanism
  • girls life tractor story
44
Q

what extends or flexes in crossed extension reflex?

A

flex= ipsilateral side that is affected

extend= contralateral “push off”

45
Q

muscle spindles in jaw openers or closers?

A

OPENERS!

*so you ONLY get muscle stretch reflexes in jaw closing

46
Q

what are your patients fighting when you tell them to open wide?

A

1) activation of stretch reflex in closing muscles
- -closing stretched > stretch reflex > closing mms contract

2) activation of golgi tendon reflex in opening muscles
- -opening mms tension > GT reflex of opening > closing of mouth muscles

47
Q

how do you get taste? flavor?

A
  • combo of chemicals= taste

* combo of tastes= flavor

48
Q

define dysgusia

A

dysfunction of taste

49
Q

Local anesthetics block

A

voltage-gated Na+ channels

50
Q

describe dentin and nocireceptors relation with temperature change

A
  • dentin is temp responsive

* nocireceptors are NOT directly sensitive to temperature change but are RESPONSIVE TO PRESSURE

51
Q

Local anesthetics inhibit unimodal and/or polymodal nociceptors?

A

NEITHER unimodal nor polymodal

52
Q

define hyperalgesia

A

typical pain responses are magnified
*Ex: needle in back of hand hurts, but REALLY hurts with this

*may be due to close proximity of normal pain neurons, that when NT is released it causes synapse

53
Q

define allodynia

A

typical non-painful stimuli generate pain responses
*Ex: feather on back of hand should not hurt but it does!

*may be due to close proximity of normal pain neurons, that when NT is released it causes synapse

Physiology (42 decks)

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