4 Endocrine

Question 1

What are the two major systems controlling body functions?

Answer 1

1) nervous system
- –rapid, discrete, confined control
2) endocrine system
- –slower and general control

Question 2

Do the nervous and endocrine system influence each other?

Answer 2

Yes.

• hypothalamus (brain) controls adrenal medulla (endocrine tissue) and pituitary
• hormones can affect nervous system with behavior

Question 3

what type of glands are ductless?

Answer 3

endocrine (secrete hormones directly into blood)

Question 4

is the pancreas endo or exocrine?

Answer 4

BOTH

Question 5

hormones travel through____ to target cells

Answer 5

circulation

Question 6

what are the 3 general/classic hormone structures?

Answer 6

1) amines =phenal + amine
2) paptides =chains of AA
3) steroids =basci 4-ring structure

Question 7

amine hormones are derived from?

Answer 7

tyrosine

Question 8

Name the amine thyroid hormones and amine catecholamines?

Answer 8

Thyroid
--triiodothyronine (T3)
--tetraiodothyronine (T4 or Thyroxine)
Catecholamines
--epinephrine
--norepinephrine
--dopamine

Question 9

why is it T3 and T4?

Answer 9

T4= 4 atoms of iodine attached
T3= only 3 atoms of iodine attached

Question 10

majority of hormones are?

Answer 10

protein hormones (short or long chains of AA)

Question 11

what forms sulfide bonds in protein hormones?

Answer 11

cysteine

Question 12

describe peptidehormones?

Answer 12

• a few to 200 AA long

- MOST hormones are proteins

Question 13

structure of steroid hormones?

Answer 13

4-ring structure

Question 14

steroid hormone synthesized from?

Answer 14

cholesterol

Question 15

what are the steroid hormone?

Answer 15

• adrenal cortical homrones
• gonadal hormones (sex hormones)
• vitamin D
• all synthesized from cholesterol

Question 16

why is vitamin D considered a hormone?

Answer 16

bc it is synthesized in the body in liver

Question 17

how many layers of adrenal cortex are there?

Answer 17

3

Question 18

what type of hormone is:

1) growth
2) testosterone
3) thyroid hormones

Answer 18

1) protein
2) steriod
3) amines

Question 19

how do hormones bind?

Answer 19

to specific receptors in a LOCK AND KEY fashion.

*but they can overlap in function due to similar structure

Question 20

Can hormones overlap in function?

Answer 20

Yes. they can overlap in function due to similar structure but they typically have a specific ‘lock and key’ receptor

Question 21

Good example of overlapping hormone function? (common affect of ppl on high doses of anabolic steroids)

Answer 21

aldosterone =Na+ retention estrogen and testosterone > H2O retention (bc structures are similar to aldosterone)
*high water retention (puffy, bloated on period)

Question 22

what are the 3 main functions of hormones?

Answer 22

1) tissue growth and metabolism (GH)
2) fluid balance (aldosterone/antidiretics)
3) reproduction (sex steroids/gonadotrophs)

Question 23

what types of hormones are water soluble and transported freely?

Answer 23

catacholamines (amine) and peptides

Question 24

what types of hormones are water INsoluble and require a carrier protein?

Answer 24

thyroid (amine) and steroid hormones

Question 25

most insoluble hormones are transported by?

Answer 25

TBG aka thyriod binding globulin

Question 26

What are the common carrier protein for insoluble hormones?

Answer 26

1) TBG 75%
2) TTR 10%
3) albumen 12%
4) lipoprotein 3%

Question 27

what is TTR? formerly known as?

Answer 27

TTR aka transthyretin

*formerly TBPA aka thyroxine-binding prealbumen

Question 28

what is the most prevalent PLASMA protein?

Answer 28

albumen

Question 29

a hormones mechanisms of action is dependent on?

Answer 29

structure

Question 30

peptides and catecholamines bind to ______ receptors?

Answer 30

plasma protein receptors

Question 31

peptides and catecholamines bind directly to plasma membrane receptors and act through?

Answer 31

secondary messenger

Question 32

G protein purpose?

Answer 32

intermediate between receptor and effector protein

*usually causes phosphorylation to turn ON something in the cell

Question 33

binding to receptors results in?

Answer 33

1) activation of cyclizing enzymes and preoduction of a 2nd messenger and then;
2) protein phosphorylation which starts MANY things

Question 34

4 common mechanisms of action after phosphorylation?

Answer 34

1) activation of enzymes
2) increased or decreased cell permeability
3) contraction/relaxation
4) synthesis/secretion of something

Question 35

goal of a hormone binding?

Answer 35

acitvation of enzyme or kinase to phosphorylate and activate a process within the cell

Question 36

steroid/thyroid hormones or catecholamines/peptides FASTER acting?

Answer 36

atecholamines/peptides are faster! takes minutes to hours whereas steroid take hours to days

Question 37

steroid/thyroid hormones bind to _____ receptors and directly alter?

Answer 37

intracellular receptors and directly alter GENE TRANSCIPTION

Question 38

steroid/thyroid hormones or catecholamines/peptides requir carrier protein?

Answer 38

steroid/thyroid hormones

Question 39

steps in steroid/thyroid hormones cell interaction?

Answer 39

1) hormone moves through fatty membrane
2) bind to receptors intracellulary in the cytoplasm or nucleoplasm
3) moved as complex to DNA chromatin
4) activates certain genes
5) alteration of transcription
6) trasnlation
7) proteins