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Physiology > 4.5 Endocrine adrenal > Flashcards

4.5 Endocrine adrenal Flashcards

1
Q

adrenal gland location?

A

basically on top of kidneys; paired

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2
Q

adrenal gland structure?

A

outer cortex

inner medulla

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3
Q

3 layers of adrenal cortex?

A

1) zona glomerulosa = outer layer
2) zona fasciculata = middle layer
3) zona reticularis = inner layer

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4
Q

what two layer of cortex of overlap in function?

A

fasciculata and reticularis

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5
Q

zona glomerulosa secretes?

A

mineralocorticoids

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6
Q

most prevalent mineralocorticoids? does what?

A

aldosterone; regulates Na and K balance and helps to regulate BP

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7
Q

zona fasciculata secretes?

A

glucocorticoids

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8
Q

most prevalent glucocorticoids? does what?

A

cortisol; regulates nutrient metabolism

*basically does same things as aldosterone

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9
Q

zona reticularis secretes what? does what?

A

sex steroids

  • these weak androgens are only significant when in excess
  • contribute to male secondary sex characteristic development when in excess
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10
Q

ALL adrenal cortical hormones are synthesized from?

A

cholesterol

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11
Q

medula secretes?

A

epi and nor (catecholamines)

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12
Q

aldosterone comes from?

A

cortex zona glomerulosa outter layer

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13
Q

cortisol comes from?

A

cortex zona fasciculata middle layer

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14
Q

adrenal androgens come from?

A

cortex zona reticularis inner layer

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15
Q

what is the main stimulus for aldosterone secretion?

A

MOST IMPORTANT IS HIGH K+ LEVELS

**less important is low Na+ levels

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16
Q

mineralocorticoids normal actions? (aldosterone)

A

1) re-absorption of Na+! and Cl- and water

2) regulation of BV, BP, electrolyte balance

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17
Q

what is hyperkalemia?

A

having a HIGH concentration of K+ so aldosterone is secreted!!!!!

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18
Q

when aldosteron absorbs NA+, it is exchanged for?

A

K+, H+, Cl-

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19
Q

K+ and H+ are important for?

A 
K= resting membrane potentuals
H= acidity in lood
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20
Q

define hyperadrenalism

A

tumor of zona glomerulosa that increase aldosterone secretion causing HYPERALDOSTERONISM

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21
Q

what is hyperaldosteronism?

A

when you put out more aldosterone than what is typical

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22
Q

symptoms of major hyperaldosteronism

A

hypertension= rasingin BV and BP as a result of Na retention

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23
Q

symptoms of minor hyperaldosteronism

A

1) alkalosis= secreting of H+ ioons, more basic blood
2) neuromuscular paralysis= deals with resting membrane potential
- -retain more Na+ in exachnge for K+; causes

24
Q

describe neuromuscular paralysis in regards to a minor hyperaldosteronism symptom

A

eals with resting membrane potential
–retain more Na+ in exchange for K+; typically have more K+ inside cells anyway BUT having even lower K+ outside of cells causes an efflux of K+ back out. this makes INSIDE more -; so resting potential is HYPER-POLARIZED (further from threshold so harder to excite)

25
Q

aldosterone in excess primary effect?

A

increase Na and derease K+ reabsorption

26
Q

aldosterone in excess secondary effect

A

1) moderate hypertesion due to fluid retention
2) mild alkalosis (due to increase H+ excretion with Na reabsorption)
3) neuromuscular paralysis =hyperpolarised RP/hard to excite

27
Q

aldosterone deficiency primary effect

A

decrease in Na reabsorption
increase in K+ reabsorption
* causes low BP and acidic blood, cardiac is weak, hyPERkalemia bc K+ higher than normal outside of cell making it TOO EASY to excite cell

28
Q

aldosterone deficiency secondary effect

A

1) dehydration and shock (no fluid reabosrption)
2) mild acidosis (derease H+ excretion, Na resorption)
3) cardiac weakness (due to increase K+ reabsorption, hyperkalemia >hyPOpolarized RP > smaller AP spike > weaker contraction

29
Q

glucocortioids (cortisol) normal action?

A

mobilization of nutrients! raised blood nutrient levels!

30
Q

cortisol is anabolic or catabolic?

A

catabolid; breaks stuff down more ti increase nutrient levels

31
Q

cortisol has what effect on gluconeogenesis in liver, lipolysis and protein catabolism?

A

INCREASES ALL 3! breakdown of nutrients to increase nutrient level in blood

32
Q

stress increases ACTH levels which will affect?

A

cortisol levels (BOTH are stress hormones)

33
Q

how is the way the liver uses glucose different from other tissues?

A

in other tissues, cortisol tries to increase blood nutrients by breaking thigsn down… in the liver it is the opposite and stores glucose as glycogen

34
Q

we can become ___ for having to much cortisol. why?

A

diabetic

*because an increased in blood glucose levels- only happens if hyperglycemic for a long period of time =adrenal diabetes

35
Q

cortisol in excess increases?

A

1) blood glucose levels =adrenal diabetes due to B cell burnout
2) protein catabolism
3) fat mobilization and utilization
4) RBC production leading to polycythemic condition

36
Q

polycythemic condition

A

increased concentraion of hemoglobin

  • aka STRESS polycythemia
  • caused by excess cortisol
37
Q

extremely high levels of cortisol (either endo or exo) do what?

A

1) suppress immune system by decreasing gamma globulin production
- - GOOD with transplant surgeries
2) decreases inflammation and stabilizes lysosomes by decreasing the release of inflammatory agents

38
Q

pharmacological doses of ______ are useful for treatment of inflammatory disease sucj as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis?

A

glucocorticoids

39
Q

what is gaisbocks syndrome?

A

aka stress polycythemia

*INCREASE in RBC production due to higher metabolism due to stress

40
Q

hyperadrenalism causes?

A

by a tumor located WITHIN one or more of the cortical layers

41
Q

tumor of zona fasciculata (or reticularis) causes?

A

an increase in cortisol causing CUSHING’S disease

42
Q

what is cushings disease?
causes?
symptoms?
appearance?

A
  • caused by excess cortisol
  • increase fat mobilization and redeposition in face and trunk
  • increase protein catabolism= muscles wasting via protein breakdown (SKINNY legs)
  • inflammatory and immune response is poor (sores and wounds)
  • **MOONFACE and BUFFALO HUMP
43
Q

cortisol deficiency decreases?

A

1) gluconeogensis
2) fat mobilization
3) protein catabolism
4) resistance to stress
* **cortical typical does all these things, but when deficient it does LESS

44
Q

cortisol deficiency increases? does what?

A

ACTH secretion which INCREASES skin pigmentation!
(less cortisol= less -feedback on ant pit= increase ACTH= increase skin color with melanocytes =excess melanin around scars/pressure points)

45
Q

common disease with hypoadrenalism?

A

addison’s disease

46
Q

addison’s disease is usually caused by ?

A

glandular atrophy die to autoimmune disease, TB or cancer… hypoadrenalism

47
Q

symptoms from a decrease in both aldosterone and cortisol? addison’s disease

A
  • fluid and electrolyte imbalance = shock = LIFE THREATENING BC INSUFFICIENT CIRCULATION
  • decreased ability to withstand stress - not life threatening
  • increase in skin pigmentation (in ACTH, decr cortisol)
48
Q

examples of androgens?

A

DHEA
DHEAS
androstenedione

49
Q

androstenedione (weak androgens) can be converted to?

A

testosterone in peripheral tissues (skin, fat, liver) to INCREASE their androgenic activity

50
Q

androgens regulated by?

A

ACTH, but adrenal androgens do not inhibit ACTH

51
Q

androgens in males vs females?

A
  • *males= amount of androgens from adrenals is insignificant compared to testes
  • *females= adrenal derived testosterone may be important in maintaining pubic hair, axillary hair, libido, and possible skeletal muscles
52
Q

hyperadrenalism caused by?

A

tumor in zona reticularis (or fasciculata) increases adrenal androgens

53
Q

symptoms of hyperadrenalism

A

1) masulinization of female

2) early sexual development in male

54
Q

hypoadrenalism caused by?

A

usually caused by hypopituitarism (decrease in ACTH)

**is RARE

55
Q

symptoms of hyperadrenalism in males vs females

A
  • *males = none

* *females= less body hair, less muscle mass low libido

56
Q

libido

A

sexual desire

Physiology (42 decks)

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