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Physiology > 3.4 Gastrointestinal Physiology > Flashcards

3.4 Gastrointestinal Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How much does the parotid, submandibular, sublingual, and minor glands contribute to secretions?

A 
parotid= 25-30%
submandibular= 60-65%
sublingual= 5-10%
minor= 5-10%
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2
Q

why does parotid or submandibular produce more secretions?

A

submandibular produces more saliva bc it is more vascular and activated
*but depending on stimuli, both submandibular and parotid can produce about the same

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3
Q

composition of saliva?

A

1) lavage = water= 99.5%
2) lubrication= mucus
3) digestion= ptyalin and alpha amylase
4) buffers= HCO3-, PO4, HRPs, urea(ammonia)
5) antimicrobial
6) soft tissue repair
7) Ca++ binding phosphoproteins

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4
Q

urea is converted to? acts as a?

A

urea once converted to ammonia acts as a GREAT buffer

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5
Q

what percent of saliva is water?

A

99.5%

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6
Q

ptyalin is used for?

A

digestion in saliva

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7
Q

what type of amylase is found in saliva?

A 
salivary amylase (or alpha amylase)
*different from SI!!!
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8
Q

what are common salivary buffers?

A

HCO3-, PO4, HRPs, urea (ammonia)

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9
Q

What immunoglobulin is found in saliva?

A

IgA

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10
Q

what are antimicrobial aspects of saliva?

A

1) IgA
2) lysozyme
3) lactoferrin
4) lactoperoxidase
5) HRPs

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11
Q

how does lysozyme act as an antimicrobial?

A

destroys bacterial cell walls

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12
Q

how does lactoferrin act as an antimicrobial?

**

A

chelates iron

**binds up iron= so helps lysozyme do its job AND interferes with ALL bacteria metabolisms that REQUIRE iron

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13
Q

how does lactoperoxidase act as an antimicrobial?

A

kills microbes via oxidation

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14
Q

how does HRPs act as an antimicrobial?

A

bind to microbe cell walls and disrupt them

*HRP= histodine rich polypeptides

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15
Q

what growth factor helps with soft tissue repair in saliva?

A

nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor

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16
Q

Ca++ binding phosphoproteins purpose in saliva?

examples?

A

they keep saliva in a state of super saturation

*examples are statherin, acidic proline-rich proteins, cysteine-containing proteins

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17
Q

HOW do Ca++ binding phosphoproteins work in saliva?

A

1) phosphoproteins bind Ca++ > increase CaPO salts
2) fermentation of carbohydrates > acid
3) low pH > protein release Ca++ and PO4
4) maintenance of tooth integrity and remineralization of early carious lesions

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18
Q

what is the most important buffer to prevent carries?

A

the ability to convert urea to ammonia

  • a lot of credit is given to bicarbonate tho
  • buffers are IMPORTANT to prevent carries (biggest difference to having a lot of carries or not)
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19
Q

what is xerostomia?

A

dry mouth

  • NOT a disease, a condition caused by a disease
  • has varied etiology
  • results from diminished or arrested salivary secretions (asialism)
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20
Q

etiology means?

A

the cause of disease or conditions

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21
Q

what is asialism?

A

Diminished or arrested secretion of saliva. Also called aptyalia

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22
Q

xerostomia etiology?

independent study on this

A

usually caused by systemic disease and conditions that result in salivary gland hypofunction
*organic disease (of the organs themselves) induced by drugs, radiation, psychogenic conditions, decreased mastication

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23
Q

purpose of continuous secretions in esophagus?

A

1) protection against acid coming in or back up from stomach

2) protection from scratching (easy passage of food)

24
Q

glands in the fundus and body of stomach secrete?

A

mucus
HCl-
Intrinsic factor
Pepsinogen

25
Q

what secretion is only from the fundus and body of the stomach?

A

intrinsic factor

26
Q

pepsinogen is the precursor for?

A

pepsin; a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds

**pepsin is active form

27
Q

glands in the antrum of stomach secrete?

A

mucus
pepsinogen
gastrin (endocrine hormone)-antrum only

28
Q

what are the secretions to these endocrine cells

1) Mucous cells
2) Parietal cells
3) Cheif cells
4) G cells

A

1) mucus
2) HCl- and intrinsic factor
3) pepsinogen
4) gastrin

29
Q

another name for parietal cells?

A

oxygenic cells (to make sour)

30
Q

secretory cells are found in ____ pit

A

gastric pit of stomacj

31
Q

function of HCl- secretion?

A

pH adjustment
pepsinogen activation
kills bacteria

32
Q

HCl- secretion

1) type of transport
2) involves carbonic _____
3) results in exchange of what
4) _____ tide occurs in blood

A

1) primary active transport
2) involved carbonic anhydrase
3) intracellular HCO3- exchanged for extracellular Cl-
* **bicarbonate raises pH of blood
4) Alkaline tide occurs in blood

33
Q

what causes alkaline tide during meals?

A

HCO3- goes to blood and Cl- goes to lumen

34
Q

what does intrinsic factor do?

A

1) prevents destruction of vitamin B12
2) aids in vitamin B12 absorption in ileum and colon
* *only gastric secretion required for life

35
Q

what is the only gastric secretion required for life?

A

intrinsic factor

36
Q

what does gastrin do?

A

stimulates gastric motility and secretions

37
Q

what does ‘intero’ mean?

A

intestine (and usually refers to SI)

38
Q

what does the enterogastric reflex do for intestinal phase of gastric secretion regulation?

A

excess distention, osmolatity, irritation in intestine > decrease gastric secretion and motility

39
Q

what does the hormonal inhibition do for intestinal phase of gastric secretion regulation?

A

acid, fat, protein in SI > GIP, CCK, and secretin (enterogastrones) > decrease gastric secretion and motility

40
Q

function of pancreas?

A

1) endocrine= insulin and glucagon

2) exocrine= acinar cells and duct cells

41
Q

bulk of pancreas is what type of cells?

A

exocrine

42
Q

what regulates pancreatic secretions?

A

1) local/hormonal secretions
- presenceof nutriend-containing chyme and/or acid in SI
2) neural stimlation
- cephalic sense or gastric distension

43
Q

is local/hormonal or neural stimulation more important for pancreatic secretion?

A

local/hormonal

44
Q

role of acinar cells in the panaceas?

A

fattyacids and AA in SI > CCK > acinar cells > pancreatic enzymes

45
Q

role of duct cells in the panaceas?

A

acid in SI > secretin > duct cells > bicarbonate solution

46
Q

what are the pancreatic enxyme secretions?

A

1) amylase
2) lipase
3) trypsinogen
4) chymotrypsinogen
5) proelastase
6) carboxypeptidases
7) cholesterolesterase

47
Q

what are and what does trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen do?

A

pre-cursers for enzymes that break down protein once converted to acitve form
*endo= break in middle of chain

48
Q

what does proelastase enzyme do?

A

breaks down elastin fibers

49
Q

what does carboxypeptidases enzyme do?

A

breaks down ENDS of protein

*exo

50
Q

what does cholesterolesterase enzyme do?

A

breaks down cholesterol

51
Q

pancreatic enzymes are secreted as?

A

zymogens which means inactive precursors

52
Q

what converts trpsinogen to trypsin?

A

enterkinase and trypsin

53
Q

what converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin?

A

trypsin

54
Q

what is special about enterokinase?

A

membrane bound; therefore trypsinogen MUST some in contact with it

55
Q

what is the purpose of trypsin inhibitor?

A

peptide produced in acinar cells of pancreas that inactivates trypsin WITHIN the pancreas to prevent its digestion of the pancreas

56
Q

where does carbs digestion happen?

A

mouth and SI

57
Q

where does protein digestion start?

A

stomach

Physiology (42 decks)

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