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Physiology > 4.2 Endocrine post pit > Flashcards

4.2 Endocrine post pit Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two hormones secreted by posterior pituitary (aka neurohypophyseal)?

A

1) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin

2) oxytocin

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2
Q

what is another name for vasopression?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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3
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin and oxytocin are produced in? stored in? released from? released when?

A

hypothalamus in nerve cell bodies

  • stored in nerve endings/terminal in post pit
  • released from post pit when the nerve is activited
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4
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin and oxytocin both stimulate which one increase BP?

A

smooth muscle contraction!

*ADH also increases BP

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5
Q

cells of the ____ nucleus synthesis ADH

A

supraoptic

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6
Q

cells of the ______ nucleus synthesize oxytocin?

A

paraventricular

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7
Q

action potentials in nerve release ADH from nerve terminals into ?

A

circulatory system

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8
Q

in addition to vascular smooth muscle contraction, ADH does what?

A

causes water reabsorption; controls BP and ECF Na+ concentration

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9
Q

oxytocin cases contraction of?

A

uterine myometrium and mammary gland myoepithelium

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10
Q

vasopressin (ADH) smooth muscle action?

A

vascular smooth muscle > vasoconstriction

kidney tubules > water reabsorption

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11
Q

why reabosrption instead of absorption?

A

bc we have already absorbed the water in the intestine

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12
Q

triggers of ADH secretion?

A

1) increased ECF osmolarity **espesially increased Na

2) decreased BP, BV, and dehydration (or whenever we need to reatin fluid)

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13
Q

where is the thirst center for drinking water?

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

primary effect to supraoptic nuclei?

A

from Na concentration

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15
Q

how much do we pee?

A

1 liter per day

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16
Q

diabetes malleus vs insipidus?

A
  • malleus= glucose

* insipidus= low ADH (more urine output bc not absorbing water)

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17
Q

diabetes insipidus symptoms?

A

increased urinary output (20 liters per day)

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18
Q

diabetes is any disease wiith?

A

polyurea, insipidus (tasteless), mellitus (sewwtened with honey)

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19
Q

diabetes insipidus cases?

A

1) destruction of supraoptic nuclei
- –remember it makes ADH
2) failure of kidney to respond to ADH
- –plenty of ADH present but unresponsive target tissues

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20
Q

oxytocin action?

A

1) uterin emyometrium > contraction

2) mammary gland myoepithlium > milk EJECTION

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21
Q

milk is produced? ejaculated? stored?

A
  • produced by prolactin
  • stored in alveoli
  • ejected by oxytocin
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22
Q

triggers of oxytocin secretion?

A

1) uterine stretch from fetus (more stretch= more secretion)

2) mammary gland stimulation from suckling

23
Q

growth hormone is aka?

A

somatotropin

24
Q

structure of GH?

A

peptide

25
Q

general effects of GH?

A

hypertrophy and hyperplasia of tissues capable of growing

26
Q

what are the two mechanisms of GH?

A

1) direct
- –does own dirty work by binding to cells itself
2) indirect
- – goes to liver for 90% of dirty work

27
Q

direct mechanism of GH

A

GH act directly on various cells/tissues of the body to

1) increase AA uptake and protein synthesis
2) increase glucose mobilization and decrease glucose utilization
3) increase fat mobilization and utilization

28
Q

indirect mechanisms of GH

A

GH stimulates the production of SOMATOMEDINS by liver or other tissues; the somatomedins act directly to promote tissue growth

29
Q

what are somatomedins?

A

a growth factor that acts directly to promote tissue grwoth; part of indirect mechanisms of GH

30
Q

GH secretion stimulated by?

A

1) hypoglycemia (low glucose or low nutritional status)
2) increased arginine and lysine in blood
3) stressors (exercise, pyrogens, phychological)
4) sleeps (begining of sleep)

31
Q

what two stimulators of GH secretion are poorly understood?

A

3) stressors (exercise, pyrogens, phychological)

4) sleeps (begining of sleep)

32
Q

what two AA signify protein breakdown?

A

arginine and lysine

33
Q

why do we think that GH doesn’t delegate growth spurts?

A

similar secretion rate during and after growth period

*gradual decline between ages 20-40

34
Q

GH deficiency is generally caused by?

A

GRH deficiency, DH deficiency, or lack or GH receptors responsiveness in tissues

35
Q

GH is more of a global problem. This means?

A

PANHYPOPITUITARISM

=deficiency of ALL pituitary hormones from a congenital or tumor

36
Q

result of GH deficiency?

A

decreased protein synthesis and growth, and preoliferation of cells

37
Q

describe symtoms of sometone with low GH?

A
  • small but proportaional
  • average mental function
  • normal tooth structure, but delayed development and eruption
  • sexually underdeveloped (infantile genitalia of GH deficiency syndrome)
38
Q

GH in excess usually restuls from?

A

tumor WITHIN the pituitary

39
Q

GH in excess primary effects?

A

1) increased protein synthesis
2) increased fat mobilization and utilization
3) increased glucose mobilization and decreased glucose utilization

40
Q

GH in excess secondary effects?

A

1) ketosis (and acidiosis)
2) hyperglycemia
3) excessive growth

41
Q

GH in excess tertiary effects?

A

diabetogenic effect

  • chronic hyperlgycemia
  • pancreas
  • beta cell burnout
  • diabetes
42
Q

name of GH excess in children?

A

gigantism

43
Q

name of GH excess in adults?

A

acromegaly (tomur of anterior pituitary)

44
Q

gigantism

A
  • GH excess in children

* oral manisfistations= progenathisms, macroglossia, early shedding/eruption of primary teeth

45
Q

acromegaly

A
  • GH excess in adults
  • acral= terminal end
  • enlargement of membranous bones and soft tissues
  • oral manifestations: prognathisms, macroglossia, **NO effect on teeth
46
Q

macroglossia means?

A

enlargement of soft tissue

47
Q

thyroid gland location? mostly secrets?

A

two lobes at base of neck, just below larynx, warps around trachea with parathyroid galnds at back
*mostly secretes hormones to regulate metabolic processes

48
Q

functional unit of thyroid is? describe?

A

follicle

*cuboidal epithelium arranged in a ring around a lumen filled with colloid

49
Q

another name for parafollicular cells?

A

clear or C cells

50
Q

location of parafollicular cells?

A

between follicles

51
Q

parafollicular cells secrete?

A

calcitonin

52
Q

follicular cells produces? how much of each

A
  • T4 -90%

* T3 =10%

53
Q

most of hormone produced by thyroud is?

A

T4

54
Q

T4 or T3 more active?

A

T3 more active and potenet

Physiology (42 decks)

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